Research Article
Effects of Systematic Categorization Training on Cognitive Performance in Healthy Older Adults and in Adults with Traumatic Brain Injury
Table 4
Performance on neuropsychological measures.
| | Group 1: young adults with TBI (treated)
| Group 2: young uninjured adults (treated)
| Group 3: older adults (treated)
| Group 4: older adults (untreated)
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post |
| California Verbal Learning Test-R (CVLT-R) | Total trials 1-5 | 51.0 | 55.5 | 58.93 | 65.80 | 47.14 | 49.64 | 45.43 | 49.50 | 14.06 | 11.32 | 7.85 | 6.07 | 9.77 | 10.49 | 9.87 | 9.02 | Short delay | 8.27 | 11.1 | 12.33 | 14.80 | 8.92 | 10.54 | 9.57 | 11.00 | 4.81 | 5.13 | 2.09 | 2.00 | 3.66 | 4.39 | 3.00 | 3.59 | Long delay | 9.27 | 11.6 | 14.93 | 13.60 | 10.92 | 9.00 | 11.14 | 9.50 | 4.45 | 3.89 | 1.53 | 1.72 | 3.50 | 3.94 | 3.44 | 3.16 | Rey Complex Figure (RCF) | Copy | 29.61 | 31.09 | 34.90 | 34.53 | 29.82 | 30.36 | 30.00 | 32.00 | 7.38 | 4.67 | 1.56 | 2.36 | 6.47 | 6.72 | 6.10 | 3.68 | Immediate | 16.34 | 22.77 | 21.64 | 28.71 | 13.50 | 15.93 | 10.32 | 16.64 | 6.83 | 5.47 | 4.57 | 5.39 | 8.20 | 8.27 | 5.03 | 5.92 | Delayed | 17.34 | 22.9 | 21.77 | 27.63 | 12.04 | 15.39 | 10.50 | 16.0 | 6.33 | 5.26 | 4.74 | 6.44 | 5.96 | 8.81 | 5.88 | 5.72 | Wechsler Memory Scale-III (WMS-III) | Longest Digit Span Forward | 7.5 | 8.6 | 6.53 | 6.93 | 6.78 | 6.57 | 6.57 | 6.36 | 2.61 | 2.36 | 1.41 | 1.33 | 1.31 | 1.16 | 1.45 | .84 | Spatial Span Forward | 8.28 | 9.54 | 8.93 | 9.27 | 7.79 | 8.00 | 7.50 | 7.78 | 1.58 | 1.29 | 2.25 | 2.09 | 2.29 | 1.88 | 1.83 | 1.19 | Spatial Span Backward | 7.85 | 8.72 | 8.27 | 8.27 | 7.50 | 7.14 | 6.64 | 6.21 | 1.65 | 1.67 | 2.02 | 1.79 | 1.45 | 1.83 | 1.39 | 1.05 | Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) | Number of Categories Completed | 5.78 | 6.0 | 5.20 | 5.73 | 4.93 | 4.43 | 4.57 | 5.29 | .42 | .0 | 1.57 | .80 | 1.82 | 2.24 | 1.70 | 1.44 | Trials to Complete First Category | 13.21 | 11.36 | 14.67 | 13.27 | 17.43 | 12 | 16.28 | 16.28 | 5.72 | 1.56 | 6.42 | 4.58 | 22.62 | 4.45 | 9.86 | 13.76 | Failure to Maintain Set | .57 | .27 | .47 | .27 | 1.14 | 1.14 | .71 | 1.07 | .64 | .46 | .64 | .59 | 1.29 | 2.03 | 1.07 | 1.64 | Booklet Category Test | Total errors | 40.0 | 27.4 | 33.53 | 18.20 | 70.07 | 54.79 | 65.07 | 56.64 | 20.58 | 14.02 | 25.90 | 17.04 | 21.54 | 24.15 | 28.96 | 31.04 | Symbol Digits Modality Test | 40.25 | 47.75 | 58.20 | 65.47 | 44.50 | 48.07 | 44.00 | 47.00 | 10.11 | 10.71 | 9.51 | 13.17 | 15.00 | 11.59 | 9.37 | 11.71 | Controlled Oral Word Association Test(COWAT) | 33.1 | 41.7 | 42.73 | 49.47 | 39.29 | 39.78 | 41.93 | 41.86 | 8.67 | 13.04 | 9.50 | 9.34 | 8.30 | 10.02 | 17.23 | 17.06 | Trail Making Test A (in seconds) | 36.16 | 38.98 | 25.67 | 23.10 | 34.61 | 35.36 | 39.93 | 36.86 | 11.37 | 44.45 | 6.98 | 6.60 | 11.24 | 14.78 | 14.61 | 13.70 | Trail Making Test B (in seconds) | 79.5 | 90.54 | 57.45 | 55.80 | 79.43 | 74.57 | 74.21 | 86.57 | 45.5 | 85.4 | 23.20 | 24.90 | 26.42 | 26.37 | 25.82 | 43.95 | Woodcock-Johnson III (WJIII-13) | Picture Recognition | 48.42 | 51.42 | 53.33 | 54.53 | 51.86 | 50.43 | 51.21 | 51.86 | 3.36 | 3.75 | 3.02 | 2.75 | 4.15 | 8.91 | 3.98 | 3.35 | WJIII-3 | Spatial Relations | 70.21 | 73.64 | 74.07 | 74.87 | 68.50 | 68.64 | 68.29 | 69.50 | 5.1 | 5.41 | 6.28 | 5.45 | 6.34 | 9.64 | 7.18 | 6.46 | WJIII-15 | | | | | | | | | Analysis/Synthesis | 27.78 | 28.71 | 28.67 | 28.93 | 23.37 | 25.00 | 23.71 | 23.36 | 2.42 | 2.16 | 4.35 | 4.68 | 6.06 | 5.72 | 4.07 | 7.24 | WJIII-5 | Concept Formation | 28.35 | 34.85 | 36.57 | 37.21 | 28.64 | 29.93 | 28.21 | 28.71 | 5.3 | 4.18 | 2.93 | 5.29 | 7.80 | 6.76 | 6.04 | 7.50 | WJIII-16 | Decision Speed | 26.0 | 31.78 | 36.46 | 38.15 | 32.07 | 34.14 | 30.14 | 32.29 | 8.35 | 7.29 | 5.59 | 3.29 | 5.81 | 6.02 | 6.19 | 6.13 | WJIII-1 | Verbal Comprehension | 52.92 | 56.14 | 59.57 | 61.50 | 56.43 | 56.78 | 58.28 | 57.93 | 5.99 | 5.9 | 4.62 | 4.83 | 5.65 | 6.18 | 5.65 | 5.30 |
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