From Broca and Wernicke to the Neuromodulation Era: Insights of Brain Language Networks for Neurorehabilitation

Table 1

Dual stream model: main hubs and white matter connections of the dorsal and ventral pathways for language processing.

	Dorsal stream (left dominant)	Ventral stream (bilaterally distributed)
Main “hubs”	(i) Inferior frontal gyrus; (ii) Ventral portions of the precentral gyrus; (iii) Anterior portions of the insula; (iv) Posterior sector of the insula; (v) Ventral portions of the supramarginal gyrus; (vi) Area Spt	(i) Superior temporal gyrus (STG); (ii) Superior temporal sulcus (STS); (iii) Middle and inferior temporal gyri (MTG/ITG)—anterior temporal lobe (ATL)
Main fascicles	(i) Articulate fasciculus (AF); (ii) Posterior components of the superior longitudinal fascicle (SLF)	(i) External capsule (EC); (ii) Inferior fronto-occipital fascicle (IFOF); (iii) Inferior longitudinal fascicle (ILF); (iv) Uncinate fascicle (UF)