Abnormal Homocysteine Metabolism: An Insight of Alzheimer’s Disease from DNA Methylation

Figure 1

The mechanism of AD, DNA methylation and Hcy interaction. 5-mC: 5-methylcytosine; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; Aβ: amyloid-β; APP: β-amyloid precursor protein; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; BACE1: β-secretase-1; BHMT: betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase; C: cytosine; CBS: cystathionine β synthase; CSE: cystathionine γ-lyase; Cys: cysteine; DMG: dimethylglycine; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3β; Hcy: homocysteine; m: methyl; MAT: methionine adenosyltransferase; Met: methionine; MTHFR: methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase; MS: methionine synthase; NFT: neurofibrillary tangle; NEP: neprilysin; PP2A: protein phosphatase 2A; PS1: presenilin-1; PS2: presenilin-2; SAH: S-adenosine homocysteine; SAHH: S-adenosine homocysteine hydrolase; SAM: S-adenosine methionine; SP: senile plaques; THF: tetrahydrofolate.