Prevalence and Risk Factors for Minor Hallucinations in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

Table 2

Demographic parameters in the PD-MH and PD-NH patients.

	PD-total	PD-MH	PD-NH	Value
Number, (%)	215 (100%)	74 (34.4%)	141 (65.6%)
Age, y,				4931	0.509^a
Gender, (%)
Male	107 (49.8%)	39 (52.7%)	68 (48.2%)	0.389	0.533^b
Female	108 (50.2%)	35 (47.3%)	73 (51.8%)
Percentage of live alone, (%)	21 (9.8%)	4 (5.4%)	17 (12.1%)	2.436	0.119^b
Education, (%)
Illiterate	31 (14.4%)	8 (10.8%)	23 (16.3%)	5202.5	0.971^b
Primary school	31 (14.4%)	12 (16.2%)	19 (13.5%)
Middle school	108 (50.2%)	41 (55.4%)	67 (47.5%)
College or above	45 (20.9%)	13 (17.6%)	32 (22.7%)
BMI,				-0.471	0.638^c
Allergies, (%)	32 (14.9%)	9 (12.2%)	23 (16.3%)	0.66	0.417^b
Smoker, (%)	59 (27.4%)	21 (28.4%)	38 (27.0%)	0.05	0.824^b
Alcohol intake, (%)	28 (13.0%)	11 (14.9%)	17 (12.1%)	0.338	0.561^b
Drinking tea, (%)	41 (19.1%)	15 (20.3%)	26 (18.4%)	0.105	0.745^b
Drinking coffee, (%)	14 (6.5%)	7 (9.5%)	7 (5.0%)	1.603	0.247^b
Daily exercise, (%)	111 (51.6%)	37 (50.0%)	74 (52.5%)	0.12	0.729^b
Hypertension, (%)	80 (37.2%)	26 (35.1%)	54 (38.3%)	0.208	0.649^b
Diabetes, (%)	31 (14.4%)	11 (14.9%)	20 (14.2%)	0.018	0.893^b
Lacunar infarction, (%)	81 (37.7%)	26 (35.1%)	55 (39.0%)	0.31	0.578^b
Family history of PD, (%)	23 (10.7%)	7 (9.5%)	16 (11.3%)	0.181	0.67^b
Predominance of motor symptoms, (%)
None	19 (8.8%)	7 (9.5%)	12 (8.5%)	1.179	0.555^b
Left	101 (47.0%)	31 (41.9%)	70 (49.6%)
Right	95 (44.2%)	36 (48.6%)	59 (41.8%)
Age of onset, y,				4548	0.122^a
Disease duration, y,				4121	0.011^a
PD treatment
Levodopa, (%)	158 (73.5%)	62 (83.8%)	96 (68.1%)	6.139	0.013^b
Dopamine agonists, (%)	122 (56.7%)	49 (66.2%)	73 (51.8%)	4.125	0.042^b
MAO-B inhibitors, (%)	29 (13.5%)	12 (16.2%)	17 (12.1%)	0.72	0.396^b
COMT inhibitors, (%)	32 (14.9%)	14 (18.9%)	18 (12.8%)	1.45	0.228^b
Amantadine, (%)	40 (18.6%)	17 (23.0%)	23 (16.3%)	1.422	0.233^b
Benzhexol, (%)	15 (7.0%)	6 (8.1%)	9 (6.4%)	0.223	0.637^b
LEDD, mg,				4323	0.038^a
H-Y stage,				4447	0.063^a
UPDRS III on,				5149.5	0.876^a
UPDRS III off,				4646	0.187^a

^aMann-Whitney test. ^bChi-square test. ^cStudent’s -test. ^dSignificant results are highlighted in italic (). SD: standard deviation; PD: Parkinson’s disease; MH: minor hallucination; NH: no hallucinations; BMI: body mass index; LEDD: levodopa equivalent daily dose; H–Y stage: Hoehn and Yahr stage; UPDRS III: the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part III.