Advances regarding Neuroinflammation Biomarkers with Noninvasive Techniques in Epilepsy

Figure 1

Graphical abstract showing the main blood biomarkers and brain imaging markers suggesting neuroinflammation in epilepsy. IL: interleukin; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α; ICAM: intercellular cell adhesion molecule; VCAM: vascular cell adhesion molecule; NLRP: NOD-like receptor protein; ASC: apoptosis speck-like protein; TSPO PET: translocator protein positron emission computed tomography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging.