Prevalence and Associated Factors of Visual Hallucinations in Patients with Vascular Cognitive Impairment

Table 1

Demographic and background characteristics of VCI patients with or without visual hallucinations (VHs) adjusted for age, gender, and disease severity by CDR.

	Mean (SD, range)		Nonadjusted		Adjusted
	VH+, mean (SD)	VH−, mean (SD)			OR (95% CI)
	155	1126
Age, years	79.6 (8.9)	75.2 (10.3)	5.07	<0.001	NA
CDR 0.5/1/2/3	12/40/54/49	407/311/256/152	70.51	<0.001	NA
Gender, female (%)	98 (63.2)	535 (47.9%)	13.46	<0.001	NA
Education, years	3.4 (3.9)	5.0 (4.5)	-4.41	<0.001	0.97 (0.93-1.02)	NS
Duration, years	3.9 (6.0)	3.1 (5.3)	1.82	NS	1.02 (0.99-1.05)	NS
Dementia, (%)	152 (98.1)	939 (83.4)	23.22	<0.001	4.43 (1.35-14.53)	<0.001
CDR-SB	11.6 (4.8)	7.6 (5.5)	9.67	<0.001	1.16 (1.04-1.28)	0.007
IADL	1.0 (1.9)	2.9 (3.1)	-10.65	<0.001	0.85 (0.76-0.94)	0.002
MoCA	5.1 (5.5)	8.5 (7.3)	-6.86	<0.001	1.02 (0.97-1.06)	NS
CASI	31.8 (24.7)	44.7 (28.0)	-6.01	<0.001	1.02 (1.00-1.03)	0.012
NPI	17.4 (14.8)	8.0 (9.4)	7.66	<0.001	1.06 (1.04-1.07)	<0.001
VaMCI/PrVaD/PoVaD	3/88/64	187/561/378	23.43	<0.001	NA
CVD subtypes	Mi 19/St 28/Sc 26/Bw 40/Cc 25/He 3/Ot 14	Mi 129/St 169/Sc 279/Bw 226/Cc 208/He 56/Ot 59	15.80	NS	NA

VCI: vascular cognitive impairment; VH: visual hallucination; : number of cases; NA: not applicable; NS: nonsignificance; OR: odds ratio. Adjusted ORs of variables were ORs adjusted for age and disease severity by Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale; CDR-SB: sum of boxes of CDR; IADL: Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment; CASI: Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument; NPI: total score of 12-domain Neuropsychiatric Inventory; VaMCI/PrVaD/PoVaD: vascular mild cognitive impairment/probable vascular dementia/possible vascular dementia; CVD: cerebrovascular disease; Mi: multi-infarct; St: strategic infarct; Sc: subcortical lacunes; Bw: Binswanger disease; Cc; complex combination; He: hemorrhage; Ot: others.