Prevalence and Associated Factors of Visual Hallucinations in Patients with Vascular Cognitive Impairment
Table 2
Clinical manifestation of VCI patients with or without visual hallucinations (VHs).
(%)
Nonadjusted
Adjusted
VH+ ()
VH− ()
OR (95% CI)
DLB core features
Fluctuation
90 (58.1)
309 (27.4)
59.57
<0.001
2.48 (1.69-3.63)
<0.001
Parkinsonism
75 (48.4)
371 (33.0)
14.25
<0.001
1.85 (1.30-2.63)
0.001
RBD
38 (24.5)
73 (6.5)
55.98
<0.001
4.56 (2.86-7.26)
<0.001
≧2 core features
129 (83.2)
166 (14.8)
360.11
<0.001
26.01 (16.23-41.67)
<0.001
Current medication
Anti-Parkinson
14 (9.0)
45 (4.0)
7.86
0.005
2.35 (1.22-4.52)
0.010
Antipsychotics
9 (5.8)
41 (3.6)
1.70
NS
1.73 (0.80-3.75)
NS
Antidementia
14 (9.0)
69 (6.1)
1.90
NS
1.12 (0.60-2.29)
NS
Vascular risk factors
Hypertension
83 (53.5)
548 (48.7)
1.30
NS
1.47 (1.03-2.09)
0.032
Diabetes
61 (39.4)
320 (28.4)
7.80
0.005
1.86 (1.29-2.69)
0.001
Hyperlipidemia
40 (25.8)
261 (23.2)
0.52
NS
1.38 (0.92-2.06)
NS
Heart disease
27 (17.4)
119 (10.6)
66.33
0.012
2.12 (1.32-3.43)
0.002
VCI: vascular cognitive impairment; VH: visual hallucination; : number of cases; NA: not applicable; NS: nonsignificance; OR: odds ratio. Adjusted ORs of variables were ORs adjusted for age, gender, and disease severity by Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale; CI: confidence interval; DLB: dementia with Lewy bodies; RBD: REM sleep behavior disorder; core features including fluctuation, parkinsonism, RBD, and VH; heart disease including coronary artery disease, heart failure, arrhythmia, and valvular heart disease.
