General NPS: MINI; behavior: ASBPD; depression: BDI; anxiety: BAI; apathy: SAS
All ICDs (including eating behavior and hypersexuality) as well as dopaminergic addiction significantly decreased after six years follow-up (compulsive shopping: 5.8% vs 2.9%; pathological gambling: 5.8% vs 0.0%; dopaminergic addiction: 14.5% vs 0.0%; hypersexuality: 2.9% vs 4.3%). NPS fluctuations significantly improved (ON euphoria: 38% vs 1%; OFF dysphoria: 39% vs 10%), apart from apathy which increased (3% vs 25%) after surgery
General NPS: NPI; cognition and dementia: FAB; depression: HDRS and MADRS
LRRK2 G2019S carriers were more likely to have depression (65% vs 39.6%) and hallucinations (26% vs 6%) than non-carriers. LRRK2 G2019S carriers had more sleep disorders (65% vs 39.6%), probably in relation to the depressive symptomatology
Depression: HDRS; ICDs: QUIPRS; QoL and daily activities: GAF
The ICD gravity—specially shopping, hobbyism, and punding —positively correlated with the disease duration. Patients with higher scores on the HADRS also manifested more shopping compulsions. Hypersexual behavior seemed to be dependent on age and male gender. Depression seemed to be connected to female gender
General NPS: NPI; behavior: FBI; cognition and dementia: ACE-R, FAB
Neuropsychiatric symptomatology was strongly associated with frontal behavioral changes (NPI, FAB, ;). Negative correlations between NPI scores and worse cognition (NPI, ACE-R, ;) and frontal lobe function (NPI, FAB, ;) were also found
Anxiety: AS; cognition and dementia: FAB; depression: BDI; psychosis: PPRS
No significant differences were found between the two groups (CRP ≤3 and CRP >3) in depression, psychosis, dementia, cognitive decline, or frontal lobe dysfunction. Reported depression (present or past) was more frequent in patients with CRP >3 than those with CRP ≤3 (54.5% vs 25%, respectively)
Apathy: LARS and SAS; behavior: ASBPD; depression: BDI and MADRS
Dopaminergic addiction (general PD patients: 0.8% vs surgical patients: 10.7%), nocturnal hyperactivity (8.9% vs 17.1%), excessive hobbyism (7.7% vs 19.2), “excess in motivation” (4.6% vs 23.9%), and psychic OFF (17.3% vs 44.0%) and psychic ON (8.5% vs 22.7%) fluctuations were more frequent in surgical candidates. Depressed mood prevailed in the general PD population (16.9% vs 10.3%)
Commonality analysis can demonstrate the variance in the connectome between motor, neuropsychiatric. and cognitive symptomatology characteristic of PD. The caudate nucleus was identified as the epicenter of PD’s symptomatology network. Neuropsychiatric impairment was associated to the connectivity in the caudate-dorsal anterior cingulate and caudate-right dorsolateral prefrontal-right inferior parietal circuits. Caudate-medial prefrontal connectivity showed a unique effect of both neuropsychiatric and cognitive impairment
General NPS: SCOPA-PC; anxiety and depression: HADS
NAA/Cr ratios were registered as lower in patients with hallucinations than in those without them, within the ACC, but no differences were in the PCC. Lower NAA/Cr ratios, more severe psychotic symptomatology, and a poorer performance on the Bistable percept paradigm—a neuropsychological test for visual hallucinations—were significantly correlated
General NPS: SEND-PD; cognition and dementia: MMSE
The most prevalent NPS were depression (66%), anxiety (65%), and mental fatigue (57%). NPS were more predominant in patients with dementia (16%) than in patients without dementia
General NPS: NPI; depression: GDS, HDRS; cognition and dementia: MMSE
92 patients with PD were followed up for >10 years. The final evaluation only referred to 29 patients. Hallucinations were significantly present in the final phase of this investigation, and they were more likely to be associated with the cognitive impairment suffered by the patients than with the collateral effects of the antiparkinsonian drugs. Depression was significantly present since the initial phase of the investigation; otherwise, it did not manifest an increase over time. Caregivers reported higher scores on apathy, anxiety, and depression items
No significant correlation was found between olfaction and mood measures. Nevertheless, patients with UPSIT scores below the median were more likely to manifest (visual) psychotic symptomatology (30% vs 12% of the total of each group). Worse olfaction was associated with lower scores on memory and executive performance tests
PD patients with NPS had higher scores on the subscales of abnormal behavior, mood, stereotypic motor behavior and motivation than the two other groups (controls and PD without NPS).
PD patients were compared with demographically matched hypertension patients (control group) There were significant differences in the frequency of NPS manifestations between both groups (), and the presence of these symptoms is associated with caregivers’ distress. Severity of motor symptoms correlated with total NPI severity scores ()
Anxiety: HAM-A; apathy: ARS and SHaPS; depression: BDI
Diagnosis of anosognosia for non-motor symptoms was more frequent in PD patients with mild dementia (36%) or multi-domain cognitive impairment PD patients (16%)
PD patients manifested higher rates of depression and negative symptomatology than healthy controls. Results presented no differences in different stages of PD
Patients with the e4 allele showed some significant differences in their cognitive, motor and neuropsychiatric behavior. Late onset PD patients with the e4 allele had a tendency for a higher manifestation of depression, with reports of delusions and euphoria
Only 65.2% of the patients who were treated with pramipexole (47% out of 250 patients) showed clinically significantly lower total scores than those who received ropinirole as treatment (69.3% out of 115 patients). Patients on pramipexole manifested a significant lower frequency for apathy (11.2%) than those who were on ropinirole (20.3%) and levodopa (23.8%). No other significant differences were found in NPI subscores between groups
89% of patients manifested at least one NPS. This manifestation was significant only for the 58% of the cases. Most common NPS: anxiety (73.1%), depression (64.7%), apathy (51.7%), and nighttime disturbances (51.3%). Least common NPS: euphoria (0.3%) and delusions (1.7%). NPS positively correlated with older age and major cognitive and motor impairment. The full sample could be categorized into three different clusters: cluster 1, with no or few NPI symptoms (55.6%); cluster 2, with mild to moderate depression, anxiety and apathy (38.9%); and cluster 3, with agitation, disinhibition and irritability (5.6%)
Clinically significant differences were found in the frequency of depression, anxiety, and apathy between PD patients and healthy controls. Anxiety and depression at baseline behaved as the best predictors for longitudinal decline on measures of verbal and visual learning. No significant correlations were found for the healthy control group
General NPS: SCID-P based on DSM-IV criteria; anxiety: HARS, apathy: ARS and SHaPS; depression: HDRS; psychosis: PPRS; QoL and daily activities: ERS
Pathological gambling patients manifested higher severity of depressive and anxious symptomatology. Pathological gambling and “other variants of ICD” subjects had more severe psychotic symptoms. No correlation was found between ICD and cognitive performance for PD patients without dementia
Volumetric analysis revealed significant differences in cortical thickness between the two STN-DBS postoperative groups (with and without neuropsychiatric complications) in 13 gyruses on the right hemisphere and in 7 gyruses on the left hemisphere. White matter volume analysis revealed its reduction in the left caudal middle front area. These two facts might explain the enrolment of this area in the postoperative neuropsychiatric complication risk as the most insidious. NPS in STN-DBS postoperative patients may be associated with the excitation of frontal-striatum-thalamus and temporal-parietal circuits
64% of the total sample manifested at least one comorbidity (depression, psychosis, or anxiety). NPS prevalence in the total sample: depression (43.7%), suicidal risk (31%), psychosis (23.8%), anxiety (35.7%), visual hallucinations (20.6%), tactile hallucinations (13.5%), auditory hallucinations (7.2%), and olfactory hallucinations (1.6%). Depression was more likely to be manifested in patients with higher disability, psychosis, longer disease duration, and older age
71% of the total of patients with PD had at least one NPS: dementia 29%; depression, 25% anxiety, 20%; and psychotic syndromes, 12.7%. Depression was related to gender and Hoehn-Yahr scale score, while dementia was associated with age. Comorbidity rates for depression and dementia were mostly determined by PD severity
Apathy and depression were more severe in progressive supranuclear palsy (57.1%; 52.9%) and multiple system atrophy (35.7%; 52.6%) groups than in PD patients (7.1%; 0%)
General NPS: DSM-IV criteria, clinical criteria, andMINI
Patients with motor complications manifested a higher frequency of dementia (4.6%), anxiety (12.6%), depression (18.4%), and psychosis. Patients with motor complications (12.2%) and dyskinesias (22.2%) showed a higher frequency of ICDs. Patients with dyskinesias were more likely to manifest hypersexuality (8.1%) and compulsive shopping (4%), as well as dopamine dysregulation syndrome (8.1%), hallucinations (28.3%), and delusions (except of delusional jealousy) (19.2%)
Severity of olfactory impairment early in the disease course may behave as a useful marker for a later risk of presenting neuropsychiatric complications in PD
In univariate comparisons, GBA-PD showed higher rates of depressive symptomatology (33.3%) than idiopathic PD patients (13.2%). In regression models, age, sex, disease duration, motor disability, and MoCA scores were controlled. The odds of depression were higher for GBA-PD patients vs idiopathic PD patients (OR 3.66). GBA1 mutations were associated with a greater risk of NPS comorbidity in PD
No between-group differences were found in response rates for depression (22.7% vs 9.5%, for atomoxetine and placebo, respectively). Therefore, atomoxetine was not effective for depression in PD. Neither anxiety nor apathy rates showed variation between both groups. Nevertheless, patients on atomoxetine showed a significant improvement in global cognition and daytime sleepiness
PDD patients manifested significantly increased plasma ceramide levels. C14:0, C24:1, and verbal memory showed negative correlations. Hallucinations, anxiety, and sleep behavior disturbances were, respectively, associated with C22:0, C20:0, and C18:0 when confounding factors were controlled
†Patients received no cognitive nor neuropsychological assessment apart from the neuropsychiatric evaluation. ‡Patients received a simple cognitive evaluation with MMSE and/or MoCA or a similar screening instrument apart from the neuropsychiatric evaluation. Neuropsychological assessment was not done. §Patients received both a cognitive evaluation with MMSE and/or MoCA or a similar screening instrument and a neuropsychological assessment apart from the neuropsychiatric evaluation. 4AT: Test for Delirium and Cognitive Impairment, ACE-R: Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination-Revised, AES: Apathy Evaluation Scale, ARS: Apathy Rating Scale, AS: Anxiety Scale, ASBPD: Ardouin Scale of Behavior in Parkinson’s Disease, BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory, BDI – II: Beck Depression Inventory II, BDI: Beck Depression Inventory, BSRS: Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, CBI-R: Cambridge Behavioural Inventory-Revised, CDR: Clinical Dementia Rating Scale, CIDI: Composite International Diagnostic Interview, ERS: Euro-QoL Scale, FAB: Frontal Assessment Battery, FBI: Frontal Behavior Inventory, GAF: Global Assessment of Functioning Scale, GDS-15: Geriatric Depression Scale, HADS anxiety: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS depression: Hospital Depression and Depression Scale, HARS: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, HDRS: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, IDS: Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, LARS: Lille Apathy Rating Scale, MADRS: Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale, MBI-C: Mild Behavioural Impairment Checklist, MINI: Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination, MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment, NPI: Neuropsychiatric Inventory, PDQ-8: Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire Short Form, PPRS: Parkinson Psychosis Rating Scale, QUIPRS: Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale, SANS: Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, SAPS: Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms, SAS: Starkstein Apathy Scale, SCID-P: Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, SCOPA-PC: Scales for Outcome in PD-Psychiatric Complications, SEND-PD: Scale for Evaluation of Neuropsychiatric Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease, SHaPS: Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale, STAI: Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.
