Elevation of Plasma Homocysteine and Minor Hallucinations in Parkinson’s Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study

Table 1

Demographic parameters in the PD-MH and PD-NH patients.

		PD-MH	PD-NH	value
Number (%)		34 (34.3%)	65 (65.7%)
Age (y),				934.5	0.208^a
Gender (%)	Male	16 (47.1%)	32 (49.2%)	0.042	0.837^b
	Female	18 (52.9%)	33 (50.8%)
Percentage of live alone (%)		2 (5.9%)	8 (12.3%)	1.005	0.487^b
Education (%)	Illiterate	1 (2.9%)	13 (20.0%)	944.5	0.19^a
	Primary school	3 (8.8%)	6 (9.2%)
	Middle school	23 (67.6%)	32 (49.2%)
	College or above	7 (20.6%)	14 (21.5%)
BMI, mean ± SD				0.701	0.485^c
Smoker (%)		8 (23.5%)	16 (24.6%)	0.014	0.905^b
Alcohol intake (%)		3 (8.8%)	7 (10.8%)	0.092	1^b
Drinking tea (%)		7 (20.6%)	16 (24.6%)	0.203	0.652^b
Drinking coffee (%)		4 (11.8%)	4 (6.2%)	0.937	0.441^b
Daily exercise (%)		19 (55.9%)	41 (63.1%)	0.484	0.487^b
Family history of PD (%)		1 (2.9%)	9 (13.8%)	2.894	0.157^b
Predominance of motor symptoms (%)		4 (11.8%)	8 (12.3%)	1.531	0.216^b
	Left	11 (32.4%)	33 (50.8%)
	Right	19 (55.9%)	24 (36.9%)
Disease duration (y),				904.5	0.137^a
PD treatment (%)	Benzhexol	0 (0%)	1 (1.5%)	0.523	1^b
	Amantadine	8 (23.5%)	7 (10.8%)	2.827	0.093^b
	MAO-B inhibitor	5 (14.7%)	8 (12.3%)	0.111	0.76^b
	Dopamine agonist	22 (64.7%)	30 (46.2%)	3.081	0.079^b
LEDD (mg),				932	0.198^a
UPDRS III,				1092.5	0.927^a
Modified H–Y (%)	1—2	8 (23.5%)	24 (36.9%)	1.831	0.176^b
	2.5—5	26 (76.5%)	41 (63.1%)

^aMann-Whitney test. ^bChi-square test. ^cStudent’s -test. SD: standard deviation; PD: Parkinson’s disease; MH: minor hallucination; NH: no hallucinations; BMI: body mass index; LEDD: Levodopa equivalent daily dose; UPDRS III: the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part III; H–Y stage: Hoehn and Yahr stage.