Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinically Relevant Executive Functions Tests Performance after COVID-19
Table 1
Study characteristics and quality assessment.
Study
Design
Location
Demographic characteristics
COVID characteristics
EF measures
Quality score (%)
Healthy controls
Post-COVID group
n
nF
Age
Edu
n
nF
Age
Edu
Time elapsed
Severity
Crivelli et al., 2022
Cross-sectional
Argentina
45
20
57 [46–64]
17 [15–18]
45
22
50 [43–63]
17 [15–18]
days
14 (31%) were hospitalized
Trail Making Task-B and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
100
Guo et al., 2021a
Cross-sectional
UK ; North America 24+ 33
185
118
[1]
28.2% PSE
181
130
[]
63% PSE
weeks
NA
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
93
Mattioli et al., 2021
Cross-sectional
Italy
30
22
45.73 [23–62]
18 [8–18]
120
90
47.86 [26–65]
16 [8–18]
12–215 days (mean –125.92 days)
118 mild-moderate; 2 in intensive care unit (ICU)
BACS Tower of London
92
Poletti et al., 2021
Cross-sectional
Italy
165
72
312
17
1, 3, and 6 months
86% hospitalized; 4% of them in ICU
BACS Tower of London
100
Wild et al., 2021a
Prospective cohort
NA
7832
5539
75.61% PSE
478
341
82.47% post-sec
months
15 asymptomatic; 403 mild COVID; 67 hospitalized, 17 in ICU
Tower of London; modified Stroop task (‘double trouble’)
93
Zhao et al., 2021a
Cross-sectional
NA
46
24
NA
36
25
NA
days
100% mild cases, no hospitalization
Tower of London (version of the original task)
93
Note: a—non-peer-reviewed preprint; nF—number of women; Edu—education in years or % of sample with a degree; PSE—post-secondary education; NA—information not available; EF—executive functions; BACS—brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia. Data format—mean ± SD [range].
