Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinically Relevant Executive Functions Tests Performance after COVID-19

Table 2

Measures used in the selected studies.

Measure	Studies	Scores	Description
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test	Guo et al.	Correct, perseveration, and non-perseveration errors reaction times for errors	Contains 60 cards with 1–4 abstract stimuli. Participants match cards according to a rule (matching color, shape, or number of stimuli on the target card and current card). Rules must be inferred from the feedback they get after every attempt. Across 64 trials rules change several times prompting the participants to change their behavior
	Crivelli et al.	Number of categories and perseveration errors
Tower of London	Mattioli et al.	No. of correct trials	Mattioli et al. and Poletti et al. use the Tower of London task from BACS – Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia. The task is to estimate the number of moves between the starting and the target configuration of the three balls. As such, the task requires mental manipulation of the objects
	Poletti et al.
	Zhao et al.
	Wild et al.	No. of trials solved within 3 minutes	Wild et al. use a version of the task involving computerized manipulation of the objects that need to be rearranged to reach the target configuration
Trail Making Task-B	Crivelli et al.	Task completion time in seconds	Consists of 25 circles with letters (A–L) and numbers (1–13). Participants match the circles in sequence alternating between numbers and letters
Stroop Test (modified, ‘Double Trouble’)	Wild et al.	Total score = no. of correct − No. of errors	Contains congruent, incongruent, and double incongruent trials. The task is to choose a correct word to describe the color of the stimulus word. The task has a time limit of 90 seconds