Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinically Relevant Executive Functions Tests Performance after COVID-19

Table 3

Effect sizes from the selected studies tests and/or scales.

Study	Measure	Effect sizes (Cohen’s d)	Weight	Sample size	SE	Variance	95% CI
Crivelli et al., 2022	TMT	−0.80	20.82	90	0.22	0.05	[−0.37, 1.23]
	WCST—no. of categories	−0.56	21.66	90	0.21	0.05	[−0.98, −0.14]
	WCST—perseverative errors	−0.60	21.52	90	0.22	0.05	[0.18, 1.03]
Guo et al., 2021	WCST—correct answers	0.06	71.64	302	0.12	0.01	[−0.17, 0.29]
	WCST—perseverative errors	0.10	71.59	302	0.12	0.01	[−0.33, 0.13]
	WCST—non perseverative errors	0.01	71.67	302	0.12	0.01	[−0.24, 0.22]
	WCST—RT correct answers	−0.31	70.85	302	0.12	0.01	[0.08, 0.55]
	WCST— RT perseverative errors	−0.17	71.42	302	0.12	0.01	[−0.06, 0.40]
	WCST—non perseverative errors	−0.03	71.67	302	0.12	0.01	[−0.20, 0.26]
Mattioli et al., 2021	TOL	−0.59	23.35	150	0.21	0.04	[−1.00, −0.18]
Poletti et al., 2021	TOL	−0.52	104.69	477	0.10	0.01	[−0.71, −0.33]
Wild et al., 2021	Stroop	−0.41	448.48	8310	0.05	0.00	[−0.50, −0.32]
	TOL	−0.03	450.49	8310	0.05	0.00	[−0.12, 0.06]
Zhao et al., 2021	TOL	−0.25	20.05	82	0.22	0.05	[−0.68, 0.19]

Note: TMT—Trail Making Task-B, WCST—Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, RT—reaction time, TOL—Tower of London, SE—standard error, CI—confidence interval.