Review Article
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinically Relevant Executive Functions Tests Performance after COVID-19
Table 3
Effect sizes from the selected studies tests and/or scales.
| Study | Measure | Effect sizes (Cohen’s d) | Weight | Sample size | SE | Variance | 95% CI |
| Crivelli et al., 2022 | TMT | −0.80 | 20.82 | 90 | 0.22 | 0.05 | [−0.37, 1.23] | WCST—no. of categories | −0.56 | 21.66 | 90 | 0.21 | 0.05 | [−0.98, −0.14] | WCST—perseverative errors | −0.60 | 21.52 | 90 | 0.22 | 0.05 | [0.18, 1.03] | Guo et al., 2021 | WCST—correct answers | 0.06 | 71.64 | 302 | 0.12 | 0.01 | [−0.17, 0.29] | WCST—perseverative errors | 0.10 | 71.59 | 302 | 0.12 | 0.01 | [−0.33, 0.13] | WCST—non perseverative errors | 0.01 | 71.67 | 302 | 0.12 | 0.01 | [−0.24, 0.22] | WCST—RT correct answers | −0.31 | 70.85 | 302 | 0.12 | 0.01 | [0.08, 0.55] | WCST— RT perseverative errors | −0.17 | 71.42 | 302 | 0.12 | 0.01 | [−0.06, 0.40] | WCST—non perseverative errors | −0.03 | 71.67 | 302 | 0.12 | 0.01 | [−0.20, 0.26] | Mattioli et al., 2021 | TOL | −0.59 | 23.35 | 150 | 0.21 | 0.04 | [−1.00, −0.18] | Poletti et al., 2021 | TOL | −0.52 | 104.69 | 477 | 0.10 | 0.01 | [−0.71, −0.33] | Wild et al., 2021 | Stroop | −0.41 | 448.48 | 8310 | 0.05 | 0.00 | [−0.50, −0.32] | TOL | −0.03 | 450.49 | 8310 | 0.05 | 0.00 | [−0.12, 0.06] | Zhao et al., 2021 | TOL | −0.25 | 20.05 | 82 | 0.22 | 0.05 | [−0.68, 0.19] |
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Note: TMT—Trail Making Task-B, WCST—Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, RT—reaction time, TOL—Tower of London, SE—standard error, CI—confidence interval.
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