Inhibition of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition for Cytoprotection: Direct versus Indirect Mechanisms

Table 2

List of kinases contributing to a closure of PTP via phosphorylation mechanisms or protein-protein interaction. HK, hexokinase, CK, creatine kinase, PKG, protein kinase G, PKA, protein kinase A, PKC, protein kinase C, ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, GSK3, glucose-regulated kinase 3, PI3K, phosphoinositol3 kinase, and Akt/PKB, protein kinase B.

Kinase	Effect	Target/pathway	Model	References
Akt/PKB, PI3K	Indirect	GSK3 via PI3K or eNos/PKG pathways	Cells	[84, 85]
GSK3	Direct	VDAC, ANT, CypD	Isolated mitochondria, cells, in vivo, in vitro	[8, 37, 86, 87]
ERK	Indiret	GSK3 via PI3K pathway	Cells	[85, 88]
PKA	Direct	VDAC	Isolated mitochondria	[89]
PKC epsilon	Direct	VDAC	Isolated mitochondria, in vivo	[90]
PKG	Direct	Unknown	Isolated mitochondria, in vivo	[91, 92]
CK	Local regulation of ATP/creatine pools	Energetic metabolism	CK-expressing tissues	[93, 94]
HK	Local regulation of glucose/ATP pools	Energetic metabolism	Isolated mitochondria, cells, in vitro	[57, 74, 87, 95]