Mechanistic Perspectives of Maslinic Acid in Targeting Inflammation

Table 1

Inflammatory modulating effect of maslinic acid.

Inflammatory model	Modulatory effect of maslinic acid	References
12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate- (TPA-) induced ear edema	Maslinic acid reduced TPA-induced ear edema at the concentration of 0.13 mg per ear	[11]
Spontaneous intestinal polyposis animal model	Maslinic acid-enriched diet inhibited the formation of polyps in the small intestines of mice by regulating genes associated with inflammation pathways	[15]
Lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced murine macrophages	Maslinic acid suppressed production of nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) gene expression, secretion of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6, and tumour necrosis alpha (TNF-α)	[16]
LPS-induced cortical astrocyte cultures	Maslinic acid inhibits the expression of iNOS and COX-2 as well as the release of proinflammatory mediators including NO and TNF-α	[17]
Oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced cortical neuron injury	Maslinic acid reduced NO levels and iNOS mRNA and protein expression	[21]
COX-2-related pathologies such as arthrosis, arthritis, or fibromyalgia	Maslinic acid given in simple topical treatments showed reduction of discomfort and considerable increase of flexibility of the joint	[65]
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate- (PMA-) induced Raji B lymphoma cells	Maslinic acid suppresses PKC I, , and , COX-2 expression, NF-κB, and AP-1 activation	[71, 75]
Osteoclastogenesis and bone loss	Maslinic acid suppresses osteoclastogenesis by regulating receptor activator of NF-κB ligand- (RANKL-) mediated NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways	[74]