The Ginkgo biloba Extract Reverses the Renal Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Adult Male Rats

Figure 6

Scheme on the possible mechanisms of the GbE polyphenols for the renoprotection of the cytoplasmic membrane against the effects generated by the TiO₂ nanoparticles, at the luminal side of the brush border cells, along the renal tubules of rat kidneys. γGT: γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, DAP-IV: dipeptidylaminopeptidase IV, CoT: electroneutral Na-K-Cl cotransporter, and Gluc T2: Glucose-Na cotransporter 2.