The Ginkgo biloba Extract Reverses the Renal Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles in Adult Male Rats

Table 1

The effects of the Ginkgo biloba extract (10 mg/kg b.w., intraperitoneal) administered 24 h before titanium dioxide (5 mg/kg b.w., intravenous) on other urinary parameters studied.

Parameter	0–5 h	5–24 h	24–48 h	48–72 h
Protein (mg/mL)
Control	4.5 ± 0.3	8.8 ± 0.4	8.2 ± 0.2	8.8 ± 0.2
Control Gb	6.8 ± 2.2	7.5 ± 1.8	10.7 ± 0.8	8.2 ± 0.8
Treated TiO2	5.3 ± 0.5	5.6 ± 0.3	6.9 ± 0.3	7.8 ± 0.1
Pretreated Gb	6.9 ± 0.3	6.6 ± 1.5	8.3 ± 0.2	7.3 ± 0.2
Total creatinine (mg/dL)
Control	57 ± 2.1	87 ± 1.7	77 ± 2.7	62 ± 5.1
Control Gb	46 ± 6.9	67 ± 12.8	68 ± 1.9	55 ± 3.9
Treated TiO2	47 ± 1.5	77 ± 1.3	83 ± 0.6	84 ± 6.5
Pretreated Gb	47 ± 7.9	56 ± 6.3	63 ± 2.2	50 ± 1.7
Volume (mL)
Control	4.0 ± 0.5	8.7 ± 0.7	8.7 ± 0.5	13.7 ± 1.4
Control Gb	2.5 ± 0.2	8.0 ± 2	7.0 ± 1.3	7.0 ± 0.9
Treated TiO2	3.0 ± 0.15	9.0 ± 1.0	9.0 ± 1.0	9.0 ± 1.0
Pretreated Gb	2.6 ± 0.2	10 ± 2	10 ± 1	11 ± 1
pH
Control	7.6 ± 0.2	7.4 ± 0.3	7.3 ± 0.3	6.9 ± 0.4
Control Gb	8.0 ± 0.05	7.0 ± 0.5	6.5 ± 0.2	7.8 ± 0.1
Treated TiO2	6.5 ± 0.3	6.5 ± 0.3	6.8 ± 0.2	6.3 ± 0.2
Pretreated Gb	7.0 ± 0.3	7.8 ± 0.2	7.8 ± 0.2	7.7 ± 0.2

Values represent mean ± SEM ().