Echogenic Technology Improves Cannula Visibility during Ultrasound-Guided Internal Jugular Vein Catheterization via a Transverse Approach

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of the study population; values are presented either in percentages or as mean ± SD.

Characteristics	EC group (𝑛=40)	NEC group (𝑛=40)
Age (years)	45±9.5	46±10.9
Gender (male/female ratio)	0.49±0.4	0.5±0.5
APACHE II score	20.6±2.1	20.8±2.4
Diagnosis upon admission
Trauma without brain injury	15 (37.5%)	15 (37.5%)
Trauma with brain injury	15 (37.5%)	15 (37.5%)
Burn	1 (2.5%)	0 (0%)
ARDS	2 (5%)	2 (5%)
Sepsis	5 (12.5%)	7 (17.5%)
Postsurgical complications	2 (5%)	1 (2.5%)
Side of catheterization (left/right)	14/26	12/28
Body mass index (kg/m^2)	21.1±3.6	21.8±3.9
Prior catheterization	7 (17.5%)	5 (12.5%)
Limited sites for access attempts	5 (12.5%)	5 (12.5%)
Previous difficulties during Catheterization	9 (22.5%)	7 (17.5%)
Previous mechanical complications	6 (15%)	4 (10%)
Known vascular abnormality	1 (2.5%)	1 (2.5%)
Untreated coagulopathy	1 (2.5%)	1 (2.5%)
Skeletal deformity	1 (2.5%)	1 (2.5%)

APACHE II score: acute physiology and chronic health evaluation score II; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; NEC: nonechogenic cannula, EC: echogenic cannula.