Echogenic Technology Improves Cannula Visibility during Ultrasound-Guided Internal Jugular Vein Catheterization via a Transverse Approach

Table 2

Secondary outcome measures in the EC group versus the NEC group.

Outcome measures	EC group (𝑛=40)	NEC group (𝑛=40)
Access time (sec)	5.2±2.5 (4.5–12.4)*	10.6±5.7 (8.1–17.3)
Success rate (%)	40 (100%)	40 (100%)
Average number of attempts	1±0.2 (1–1.3)	1.1±0.4 (1–1.7)
Artery puncture	0 (0%)	1 (2.5%)
Hematoma	0 (0%)*	4 (10%)
Pneumothorax	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Hemothorax	0 (0%)	0 (0%)

EC: echogenic cannula, NEC: nonechogenic cannula; Comparisons between the NEC and the EC group of patients; 𝑃<0.05*; Access time and average number of attempts are expressed as mean ± SD (95% confidence intervals).