Can Transthoracic Echocardiography Be Used to Predict Fluid Responsiveness in the Critically Ill Patient? A Systematic Review

Table 3

Collated results of all included studies.

Study	Number of tests	Predictive test	Threshold	Resp %	Intra-obs %	Inter-obs %	AUC (ROC)	Sens	Spec	PLiR	NLiR	PPV	NPV	𝑟
Lamia et al. [14]	24	PLR SVI or CO rise	≥12.5%	54	2.8±2.2	3.2±2.5	0.96±0.04	77	99	77	0.23			0.79
Maizel et al. [13]	34	PLR CO rise	≥12%	50	4.2±3.9	6.5±5.5	0.90±0.06	63	89	5.73	0.42	85	76	0.75
		PLR SV rise	≥12%		4.2±3.9	6.2±4.2	0.95±0.04	69	89	6.27	0.35	83	73	0.57
Biais et al. [15]	34	PLR SV rise	≥13%	67		SI	0.96±0.03	100	80	5.00	0.00
Thiel et al. [16]	102	PLR SV rise	≥15%	46		SI	0.89±0.04	81	93	11.57	0.20	91	85
Préau et al. [12]	34	PLR SV rise	≥10%	41		SI	0.90±0.04	86	90	8.60	0.16	86	90	0.74
		PLR dVF rise	≥8%				0.93±0.04	86	80	4.30	0.18	75	89	0.58
Biais et al. [15]	30	SVV	≥9%	47		SI	0.95	100	88	8.33	0.00			0.80
Barbier et al. [17]	23	IVC DI	≥18%	41	8.7±9	6.3±8	0.91±0.07	90	90	9.00	0.11			0.90
Feissel et al. [18]	39	Δ𝐷IVC	≥12%	41	3±4	SI						93	92	0.82

Threshold: cut-off between responders and nonresponders, Resp: proportion responding to fluid load, Intra-obs: intraobserver variability, Inter-obs: interobserver variability, AUC(ROC): area under the receiver-operator curve, Sens: Sensitivity, Spec: Specificity, PLiR: positive likelihood ratio, NLiR: negative likelihood ratio, PPV: positive predictive value, NPV: negative predictive value, 𝑟: correlation coefficient, PLR: Passive leg raising, SI: single investigator/reader, CO: cardiac output, SV: stroke volume, dVF: change in femoral artery velocity as measured by Doppler, SVI: stroke volume index, LVEDAI: left ventricular end-diastolic area, 𝐸/𝐸_𝑎: mitral 𝐸-wave velocity/mitral annulus 𝐸 velocity measured by tissue Doppler, Δ𝐷_IVC: change in IVC diameter (𝐷) as calculated by (𝐷_max−𝐷_min)/0.5(𝐷_max+𝐷_min), IVC DI: IVC distensibility index calculated by (𝐷_max−𝐷_min)/𝐷_min.