Optimization of Cannula Visibility during Ultrasound-Guided Subclavian Vein Catheterization, via a Longitudinal Approach, by Implementing Echogenic Technology

Table 2

Secondary outcome measures in the EC group versus the NEC group.

Outcome measures	EC group (𝑛=40)	NEC group (𝑛=40)
Access time (sec)	12.1±6.5 (5.5–20.4)*	18.9±10.9 (9.5–29.4)
Success rate (%)	40 (100%)	40 (100%)
Average number of attempts; artery puncture	1±0.3 (1–1.5); 0 (0%)	1.1±0.5 (1–1.8); 1 (2.5%)
Hematoma	0 (0%)	1 (2.5%)
Pneumothorax	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Hemothorax	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Catheter misplacement	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Damage of the brachial plexus	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Phrenic nerve injury	0 (0%)	0 (0%)
Technical difficulty (scale 1 to 10)	4.5±1.5^∗	7.5±1.5

EC: echogenic cannula, NEC: nonechogenic cannula; Comparisons between the NEC and the EC group of patients; 𝑃<0.05*; access time and average number of attempts are expressed as mean ±SD (95% confidence intervals).