Critical Care Research and Practice

Research Article

Risk Factors for Development of Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Table 3

Risk factors for acute kidney Injury evaluated in 31 observational studies.
 Age (years)DiabetesHypertensionBaseline creatinine (mg/dL)Heart failureSepsis/
SIRS		Nephrotoxic drugsSeverity of diseaseHypotension/
shock		Pressors/
inotropes		High risk surgery/
emergency surgery		Cardiopulmonary bypass time (minutes)IABP
Hilberman
1979 [43]		             
Wilkins 1983 [53]⚪⚪  ⚪    N/AN/A
Corwin
1989 [37]		 ⚪⚪  ⚪     ⚪
Boucher 1990 [32]⚪  ⚪ ⚪ ⚪   N/AN/A
Groeneveld 1991 [42]⊙         N/AN/AN/A
Tran
1994 [51]		⚪          N/AN/A
Zanardo
1994 [54]		⊙         ⊙ ⊙
Ward
1996 [52]		   ⊙   ⊙  N/AN/AN/A
Vivino
1998 [5]		⊙    ⚪⚪⊙   N/AN/A
Mangano 1998 [48]⊙⊙! ⊙⊙   ⊙  ⊙
Conlon 1999 [36]⊙⊙ ⊙       ⊙
De Mendonça 2000 [4] ⊙   ⊙   ⊙ ⚪N/AN/A
Ficher et al., 2002 [40]⚪⚪⚪         
Clermont
2002 [35]		⚪         N/AN/A
Bove
2004 [33]		⊙  ⊙⊙     ⊙⊙⊙
Bahar
2005 [30]		⊙       ⊙⊙
Chawla 2005 [34]⚪⚪⚪ ⚪⊙⚪ ⚪ ⚪N/AN/A
Loef
2005 [46]		 ⚪⚪⚪⚪ ⚪   
Mataloun
2006 [49]		⚪⚪⚪⚪  ⚪⚪⊙ ⚪N/AN/A
Hoste
2006 [6]		⊙  ⊙   ⊙   N/AN/A
Landoni
2007 [45]		⊙⚪ ⊙⊙     ⊙
Barrantes
2008 [31]		       N/AN/AN/A
Bagshaw et al.,
2008 [28]		           N/AN/A
Bagshaw
2008 [29]		           N/AN/A
Dasta
2008 [38]		⚪ * ⚪    ⚪ *      
Abelha 2009 [27]  ⚪ ⊙     ⊙N/AN/A
De Araújo Brito 2009 [39]⚪ ⚪⚪    ⚪  
Thakar 2009 [50]       N/AN/A
Hobson
2009 [44]		 ⚪⚪       
Machado
2009 [47]		          ⚪⚪
Gomes
2010 [41]		⚪          N/AN/A
Number of studies pooled for Meta-analysis26159101487108710911
Number of patients172,710359,163347,48431,740346,503122,2402,341133,6685,04618,418147,38427,98433,198
OR (95% CI) 1.52 [1.27, 1.82]1.15 [0.76, 1.74] 1.97 [1.65, 2.35]3.56 [1.85, 6.85]1.54 [1.14, 2.08] 2.89 [1.54, 5.42]4.75 [2.51, 8.99]2.34 [1.59, 3.43] 3.29 [2.21, 4.91]
Mean difference (95% CI)5.36 [3.72, 6.99]  0.22 [0.02, 0.41]   7.09 [4.86, 9.32]   27.92 [14.41, 41.43] 
97%80%96%99%74%95%42%100%84%88%94%94%80%
∗Cases and controls were matched on age and APACHE III. !Only type 1 diabetes assessed.
SIRS: systemic inflammatory response syndrome, IABP: intra-aortic balloon pump, CI: confidence interval, OR: odds ratio.
Risk assessed, no significant difference between groups.
Risk assessed, significant difference between groups in unadjusted comparison.
Risk assessed, significant difference between groups in adjusted comparison.
N/A: not applicable (risk assessed only for cardiac surgery studies).