| Reference | Country, year | Study design | Results |
| Garella et al. [14] | Providence, RI, USA, 1973 | 156 dogs, low, normal, or high bicarbonate concentration | Preexisting plasma bicarbonate concentration influences the apparent bicarbonate volume of distribution |
| Arieff et al. [16] | San Francisco, USA, 1982 | Dogs with phenformin-induced lactic acidosis | Bicarbonate reduced portal vein blood flow, cardiac output, and pH in liver and erythrocytes |
| Benjamin et al. [17] | New York, USA, 1994 | Experimental hemorrhagic shock in dogs, compared bicarbonate versus hypertonic saline versus Carbicarb | Bicarbonate moderately increased blood pressure, cardiac index, oxygen delivery, and oxygen consumption but not better than hypertonic saline |
| Goldsmith et al. [18] | London, UK, 1997 | Human leukocytes in vitro | Sodium bicarbonate caused intracellular acidification |
| Levraut et al. [19] | Nice, France, 2001 | Human hepatocytes in vitro | Sodium bicarbonate decreases intracellular pH, and intracellular pH changes are linked to pCO2 in surrounding fluid |
| Nielsen et al. [20] | Copenhagen, Denmark, 2002 | 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in skeletal muscle of healthy subjects | Bicarbonate administration attenuated the reduction of intracellular muscle pH |
| Valenza et al. [15] | Milan, Italy, 2012 | 32 Sprague Dawley rats in four groups | Bicarbonate corrected acidosis in normoxic, normotensive rats, but effects of bicarbonate on pH different in rats receiving transient versus persistent lactic acid infusion |
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