Updates in Refractory Status Epilepticus

Table 3

Distribution of specific etiologies of RSE in selected studies.

Study	N	Unknown	Cerebrovascular disease	CNS infections				Intracranial tumor	Head trauma	Substance related			Hypoxic/anoxic brain injury	Metabolic disturbances	Autoimmune/immunological conditions	Sepsis/systemic infections
				Encephalitis	Meningitis	Others	Total			AEDs	Others	Total
Ferlisi et al. (audit) [24]	478	20	13	13	3	7	23	5	4	8	5	13	11	5	6	0
Holtkamp et al. [3]	36	0	30	22	0	0	22	8	0	0^#	11	11	11	6	8	0
Vooturi et al. [12]	45	11	18	31	9	4	44	0	0	9	7	16	0	2	0	0
Giovannini et al. [10]	26	0	12	0	0	0	0	8	0	0	0	0	50	8	0	12
Hocker et al.^1 [11]	63	4.8	11	—	—	—	11	9	0	16	3	19	0	11	8	9
Gaspard et al. [5]	130	52	0	—	—	—	8	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	37	0
Kantanen et al.^1,3 [16]	75	4	12	—	—	—	4	3	15	0	17	17	0	3	0	0
Sutter et al.^3 [20]	111	9	13	—	—	—	7	14	6	0	3	13	23	4	0	0

¹Hypoxic/anoxic brain injury excluded; ²NORSE cases only; ³preexisting epilepsy in 32% of cases in Kantanen et al. and 10% of cases in Sutter et al.; statistically significant etiology of RSE as compared to NRSE; ^#statistically less likely etiology of RSE as compared to SE; NORSE = new-onset refractory status epilepticus, RSE = refractory status epilepticus, and NRSE = nonrefractory status epilepticus.