A Retrospective Analysis of Thromboembolic Phenomena in Mechanically Ventilated Patients with COVID-19
Table 1
Characteristics of critically ill patients with COVID-19 who developed (n = 60, 37.5%) or not (n = 100, 62.5%) thromboembolic phenomena.
Parameters
All patients, n = 160
Patients without TEP, n = 100 (62.5%)
Patients with TEP, n = 60 (37.5%)
value
Age (years)
49 (39–58)
49 (38–59)
50 (39–58)
0.9
Sex (males/females)
125/35
80/20
45/15
0.6
Body mass index (kg/m²)
27 (21–32)
27 (20–32)
28 (20–32)
0.45
Baseline SOFA score
6 (4–10)
6 (3–9)
7 (4–11)
0.25
Baseline APACHE II score
19 (16–23)
18 (16–22)
19 (17–23)
0.19
Comorbidities
Hypertension (yes/no)
100/60
60/40
40/20
0.6
Diabetes mellitus (yes/no)
70/90
40/60
30/30
0.5
Cardiovascular disease (yes/no)
30/130
20/80
10/50
0.45
Cardiac arrhythmias (yes/no)
16/144
4/96
12/48
0.04
Thromboembolic disease (yes/no)
8/152
5/95
3/57
0.5
Chronic respiratory disorder (yes/no)
18/142
10/90
8/52
0.45
End-stage kidney disease (yes/no)
14/146
8/92
6/54
0.5
Baseline hematological profile
Platelets (G/L)
229 (207–291)
228 (213–256)
231 (207–268)
0.56
Fibrinogen (g/L)
7.5 (5.3–9)
7.7 (5.5–8.9)
7.6 (5.2–8.7)
0.35
D-Dimers (μg/ml)
2.7 (1.2–8.9)
2.8 (1.2–5.5)
5.1 (2.2–9.1)
0.02
White blood cells (109/L)
20 (16–24)
19 (14–23)
19 (16–24)
0.75
Lymphocytes (109/L)
0.99 (0.71–1.2)
0.98 (0.77 to 1.2)
0.75 (0.45 to 1.1)
0.035
Anticoagulation therapy
Prophylactic anticoagulation
160/160
100/100
60/60
0.9
Therapeutic anticoagulation
60/160
0/100
60/60
0.001
Thromboembolic phenomena
Deep vein thrombosis (yes/no)
30/130
0/100
30/30
0.001
Pulmonary thromboembolism (yes/no)
55/105
0/100
55/5
0.001
Arterial thromboembolism (yes/no)
7/153
0/100
7/53
0.04
Hemorrhagic events (yes/no)
13/147
3/97
10/50
0.045
Outcome measures
Days on mechanical ventilation
18 (14–26)
18 (12–25)
20 (14–29)
0.35
ICU length of stay
21 (16–28)
20 (16–26)
21 (17–30)
0.35
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
7/153
4/96
3/57
0.6
Continuous renal replacement therapy
19/141
10/90
9/51
0.35
Mortality on day 28 post-ICU admission (n, %)
54 (33.75%)
30 (30%)
24 (60%)
0.02
TEP = thromboembolic phenomena; ICU = intensive care unit; APACHE II score = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score; SOFA score = Sequential Organ Function Assessment score. Values are medians with interquartile ranges. values <0.05 were statistically significant (Wilcoxon signed rank test).
