A Retrospective Analysis of Thromboembolic Phenomena in Mechanically Ventilated Patients with COVID-19
Table 2
Characteristics of thirteen critically ill COVID-19 patients who developed hemorrhagic events.
Parameters
Patients without TEP, n = 3
Patients with TEP, n = 10
Age (years)
55 (53–57)
56 (54–60)
Sex (males/females)
1/2
6/4
Body mass index (kg/m²)
29 (27–31)
30 (28–32)
Baseline SOFA score
7 (6–9)
8 (7–10)
Baseline APACHE II score
20 (19–21)
21 (19–23)
Comorbidities
Hypertension (yes/no)
3/0
8/2
Diabetes mellitus (yes/no)
1/2
5/5
Cardiovascular disease (yes/no)
1/2
5/5
Cardiac arrhythmias (yes/no)
1/2
5/5
Thromboembolic disease (yes/no)
—
2/8
Chronic respiratory disorder (yes/no)
—
4/6
End-stage kidney disease (yes/no)
—
2/8
Hemorrhagic events and management
Minor hemorrhagic events (no transfusion, n)
2
3
Major hemorrhagic events (transfusion required, n)
—
7
Anticoagulation interrupted (n)
3
7
Gastrointestinal bleeding requiring endoscopy (n)
—
2
Intracranial hemorrhage (n)
—
2
Massive transfusion protocol activated (n)
—
4
Inferior vena cava filter placed (n)
—
4
Serial ultrasound surveillance for DVT (n)
3
10
Fatalities (n)
—
2
TEP = thromboembolic phenomena; ICU = intensive care unit; APACHE II score = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score; SOFA score = Sequential Organ Function Assessment score; DVT: deep vein thrombosis. Massive transfusion was defined as replacement of >1 blood volume in 24 hours or >50% of blood volume in 4 hours (adult blood volume is approximately 70 mL/kg).
