Hospital Mortality and Resource Implications of Hospitalisation with COVID-19 in London, UK: A Prospective Cohort Study

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of patients, by admission location.

	Study population (n = 429)	Treated only on ward (n = 353)	Treated in ICU (n = 76)
Age, years	65 (52–81)	68 (54–82)	57 (48–63)
18–29	12 (3%)	9 (2%)	3 (4%)
30–39	27 (6%)	21 (6%)	6 (8%)
40–49	37 (9%)	26 (7%)	11 (14%)
50–59	79 (18%)	56 (16%)	23 (30%)
60–69	90 (21%)	69 (19%)	21 (28%)
70–79	64 (15%)	55 (16%)	9 (12%)
80–89	82 (19%)	79 (22%)	3 (4%)
≥90	38 (9%)	38 (11%)	0 (0%)
Sex
Female	195 (45%)	169 (48%)	26 (34%)
Male	234 (55%)	184 (52%)	50 (66%)
Ethnicity
Black	187/391 (48%)	148 (47%)	39 (53%)
Asian	15/391 (4%)	9 (3%)	6 (8%)
White	151/391 (38%)	129 (40%)	22 (30%)
Mixed or others	38/391 (10%)	31 (10%)	7 (9%)
BMI^†	26.6 (23.2–31.2)	26.2 (22.8–31.0)	27.8 (24.2–32.0)
≤25	115/296 (39%)	90/222 (40%)	25/74 (34%)
26–30	91/296 (31%)	69/222 (31%)	22/74 (30%)
21–35	54/296 (18%)	36/222 (16%)	18/74 (24%)
36–40	18/296 (6%)	13/222 (6%)	5/74 (7%)
≥40	18/296 (6%)	14/222 (6%)	4/74 (5%)
ACCI^‡	4 (2–6)	4 (2–6)	2 (1–4)
0	40/401 (10%)	33/33 (10%)	7/70 (10%)
1	49/401 (12%)	34 (10%)	15 (21%)
2	51/401 (13%)	37 (11%)	14 (20%)
≥3	261/401 (65%)	227 (69%)	34 (49%)
IMD quintile^§
1 (least deprived)	9/427 (2%)	6/351 (2%)	3 (4%)
2	36/427 (8%)	31/351 (9%)	5 (7%)
3	86/427 (20%)	72/351 (20%)	14 (18%)
4	204/427 (48%)	167/351 (48%)	37 (49%)
5 (most deprived)	92/427 (21%)	75/351 (21%)	17 (22%)
Prior residence
Home	382 (89%)	308 (87%)	74 (97%)
Nursing home	31 (7%)	30 (8%)	1 (1.5%)
Health-related institution	6 (1%)	6 (2%)	0 (0%)
Others	10 (2%)	9 (3%)	1 (1.5%)
Comorbidities
Hypertension	225 (52%)	187 (53%)	38 (50%)
Diabetes mellitus	161 (37%)	122 (35%)	39 (51%)
Coronary heart disease	41 (10%)	36 (10%)	5 (7%)
Chronic heart failure	28 (6%)	28 (8%)	0 (0%)
Chronic kidney disease	61 (14%)	54 (15%)	7 (9%)
End-stage renal disease	14 (3%)	12 (3%)	2 (3%)
Chronic respiratory disease	51 (12%)	43 (12%)	8 (10%)
Chronic liver disease	8 (2%)	6 (2%)	2 (3%)
Cerebrovascular accident	57 (13%)	55 (16%)	2 (3%)
Immunosuppression (incl. HIV)	26 (6%)	25 (7%)	1 (1%)
Sickle cell disease	7 (2%)	5 (1%)	2 (3%)
Active cancer or haematological disease	41 (10%)	39 (11%)	2 (3%)
Frailty
Frail	170 (40%)	156/351 (44%)	14 (18%)
Not frail	259 (60%)	197/351 (56%)	62 (82%)
Chief presenting symptoms
Fever	265 (62%)	212 (60%)	53 (70%)
Cough	266 (62%)	212 (60%)	54 (71%)
Dyspnoea	184 (43%)	143 (40%)	41 (54%)
Fatigue	101 (23%)	80 (23%)	21 (28%)
Lethargy	82 (19%)	67 (19%)	15 (20%)
Days since symptom onset^¶	3.5 (1–6)	3 (1–6)	4.5 (2–6)
Reason for hospital admission
Medical (hypoxaemic respiratory failure)	182 (42%)	125 (35%)	57 (75%)
Medical (other reasons)	215 (50%)	203 (57%)	12 (16%)
Surgical or trauma	29 (7%)	22 (6%)	7 (9%)
Elective	3 (1%)	3 (1%)	0 (0%)
Initial chest X-ray
No abnormal findings	95/405 (23%)	88/329 (27%)	7 (9%)
Diffuse opacities	155/310 (50%)	105/241 (44%)	50/69 (72%)
Bilateral opacities	178/310 (57%)	124/241 (51%)	54/69 (78%)
Pleural effusion	42/310 (13%)	33/241 (14%)	9/69 (13%)

Data are reported as median (IQR) or n (%), or n/N (%) when some data are missing. Abbreviations: ICU, Intensive Care Unit; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared); ACCI, Age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index; IMD, Index of Multiple Deprivation; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus. Ethnicity was missing in 38 patients (9%). ^†BMI was missing in 133 patients (31%). ^‡ACCI was missing for 28 patients (6%). ^§IMD was missing in 2 patients (<1%). ^¶Data on symptom onset were missing in 217/429 (51%) of patients.