Occurrence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Pulmonary Barotrauma in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of patients with critical COVID-19.
Variable
All patients N = 481
Barotrauma N = 49
No barotrauma N = 432
value
Age (years), mean ± SD
61.3 ± 14.8
63.5 ± 13.7
61.0 ± 14.9
0.26
Sex, N (%)
Males
346 (71.9)
37 (75.5)
309 (71.5)
0.557
Females
135 (28.1)
12 (24.5)
123 (28.5)
Body mass index (kg/m2), median (Q1, Q3)
30.1 (25.8, 34.6)
30.9 (26.6, 35.8)
30.1 (25.7, 34.4)
0.489
Smoking, N (%)
6 (1.2)
0 (0.0)
6 (1.4)
0.566
Comorbidities
Obesity, N (%)
90 (18.7)
6 (12.2)
84 (19.4)
0.221
Hypertension, N (%)
324 (67.4)
35 (71.4)
289 (66.9)
0.522
Diabetes, N (%)
398 (82.7)
45 (91.8)
353 (81.7)
0.076
Chronic kidney disease, N (%)
66 (13.7)
5 (10.2)
61 (14.1)
0.450
Hyperlipidaemia, N (%)
164 (34.1)
13 (26.5)
151 (35.0)
0.238
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, N (%)
8 (1.7)
1 (2.0)
7 (1.6)
0.579
Asthma, N (%)
54 (11.2)
8 (16.3)
46 (10.6)
0.233
Previous pneumothorax, N (%)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
—
Interstitial lung disease, N (%)
4 (0.8)
1 (2.0)
3 (0.7)
0.350
Stroke, N (%)
28 (5.8)
2 (4.1)
26 (6.0)
0.757
Heart failure, N (%)
48 (10.0)
4 (8.2)
44 (10.2)
0.805
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, N (%)
6 (1.2)
0 (0.0)
6 (1.4)
1.000
Arthritis, N (%)
48 (10.0)
5 (10.2)
43 (10.0)
1.000
Cancer, N (%)
18 (3.7)
0 (0.0)
18 (4.2)
0.239
Depression, N (%)
25 (5.2)
1 (2.0)
24 (5.6)
0.497
Laboratory findings
White blood cell count (×109/L) mean ± SD
10.5 ± 5.3
11.0 ± 4.8
10.5 ± 5.3
0.548
Neutrophil count (×109/L) mean ± SD
7.9 ± 3.7
8.6 ± 3.3
7.8 ± 3.7
0.273
Lymphocyte count (×109/L), median (Q1, Q3)
0.9 (0.7, 1.2)
0.8 (0.6, 1.0)
0.7 (0.9, 1.2)
0.067
Hemoglobin (g/L) mean ± SD
126.8 ± 21.2
134.9 ± 27.9
125.8 ± 20.1
0.032
Platelets (×109/L) mean ± SD
269.5 ± 110.6
252.9 ± 108.1
271.4 ± 110.9
0.267
Creatinine (μmol/L), median (Q1, Q3)
86.0 (70.0, 132.8)
89.0 (68.0, 112.5)
86.0 (70.0, 135.5)
0.762
Lactate (mmol/L) median (Q1, Q3)
1.8 (1.3, 2.6)
1.9 (1.6, 2.4)
1.7 (1.3, 2.6)
0.152
Fibrinogen (g/L) mean ± SD
5.59 ± 1.85
5.42 ± 1.98
5.62 ± 1.84
0.622
D-dimer (μg/mL) median (Q1, Q3)
1.18 (0.72, 3.26)
1.90 (0.88, 4.51)
1.15 (0.71, 2.97)
0.101
Ferritin (μg/L) median (Q1, Q3)
770.6 (389.2, 2001.9)
710.1 (384.3, 2121.2)
773.4 (390.5, 1996.8)
0.918
CXR findings on ICU admission, N (%)
Unilateral lung infiltrates
33 (6.9)
3 (6.1)
30 (6.9)
1.0
Bilateral lung infiltrates
448 (93.1)
46 (93.9)
402 (93.1)
Management of COVID-19
Systemic corticosteroids, N (%)
388 (80.7)
43 (87.8)
345 (79.9)
0.185
IJ central line, N (%)
219 (45.5)
37 (75.5)
182 (42.1)
<0.0001
Subclavian central line, N (%)
10 (2.1)
0 (0.0)
10 (2.3)
0.609
No artificial (non-invasive or invasive) ventilation
69 (14.3)
2 (4.1)
67 (15.5)
0.031
High flow nasal oxygen, N (%)
294 (61.1)
29 (59.2)
265 (61.3)
0.769
Non-invasive ventilation, N (%)
302 (62.8)
34 (69.4)
268 (62.0)
0.313
No intubation
132 (27.4)
4 (8.2)
128 (29.6)
0.001
Intubation/invasive ventilation, N (%)
280 (58.2)
43 (87.8)
237 (54.9)
0.0001
Ventilator settings (day 1)
Lowest FiO2, mean ± SD
41.9 ± 11.9
44.7 ± 14.7
41.5 ± 11.5
0.088
Maximum PEEP (cm H2O), mean ± SD
12.0 ± 2.9
11.6 ± 2.2
12.1 ± 3.0
0.264
Maximum tidal volume (ml), mean ± SD
398.9 ± 53.7
407.0 ± 49.0
397.3 ± 54.4
0.281
Tidal volume (ml) per kg ideal body weight, median (Q1, Q3)
6.7 (6.0, 7.4)
6.8 (6.0, 7.5)
6.6 (6.1, 7.3)
0.857
Maximum peak airway pressure (cm H2O) mean ± SD
32.7 ± 6.1
31.5 ± 4.9
32.9 ± 6.3
0.111
Maximum plateau pressure (cm H2O), mean ± SD
29.4 ± 5.1
27.3 ± 5.1
29.8 ± 5.1
0.058
PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressure, SD: standard deviation, IJ: internal jugular, FiO2: fraction of inspired oxygen, Q1: first quartile, and Q3: third quartile.
