Review Article
Livelihood of Street Children and the Role of Social Intervention: Insights from Literature Using Meta-Analysis
Table 1
Demographic characteristics of the street children identified from studies for review.
| | SN | First author (reference number) | Year | Country | Sample | Gender | Average age | Education | | Boy (%) | Girl (%) | Illiterate (%) | Literate (%) | No response (%) |
| | 1 | Sorsa [11] | 2002 | Ethiopia (Hwassa) | 479 | 435 (90.81) | 44 (9.19) | 13 | 118 (24.63) | 361 (75.37) | 0 | | 2 | UNICEF [12] | 2000 | Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) | 240 | 153 (63.75) | 87 (36.25) | 11 | 13 (5.42) | 227 (94.58) | 0 | | 2000 | Ethiopia (Bahir Dar) | 440 | 320 (72.73) | 120 (27.27) | 14 | 88 (20.00) | 352 (80.00) | 0 | | 2000 | Ethiopia (Dessie) | 339 | 224 (66.08) | 115 (33.92) | 14 | 23 (6.78) | 316 (93.22) | 0 | | 2000 | Ethiopia (Kombolcha) | 312 | 227 (72.76) | 85 (27.24) | 14 | 49 (15.71) | 263 (84.29) | 0 | | 3 | Mulugeta [13] | 2005 | Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) | 191 | 146 (76.44) | 45 (23.56) | 11 | 11 (5.76) | 180 (94.24) | 0 | | 4 | Habtamu [14] | 2013 | Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) | 422 | 314 (74.41) | 108 (25.59) | 15 | 39 (9.24) | 383 (90.76) | 0 | | 5 | Kebede [3] | 2015 | Ethiopia (Hwassa) | 170 | 139 (81.76) | 31 (18.24) | 13 | — | — | — | | 6 | Ikechebelu, [15] | 2008 | Nigeria | 186 | 0 | 186 (100.00) | 14 | 24 (12.90) | 162 (87.10) | 0 | | 7 | Owoaje [16] | 2009 | Nigeria | 360 | 210 (58.33) | 150 (41.67) | 14 | 14 (3.89) | 346 (96.11) | 0 | | 8 | Ekpiken-Ekanem [17] | 2014 | Nigeria | 3036 | 2916 (96.05) | 120 (3.95) | 13 | — | — | — | | 9 | Ballet [18] | 2010 | Madagascar | 100 | 57 (57.00) | 43 (43.00) | 8.5 | — | — | — | | 10 | Anarfi [19] | 1997 | Ghana (Accra) | 1147 | 688 (59.98) | 459 (40.02) | 16 | 427 (37.23) | 720 (62.77) | 0 | | 11 | Asante [20] | 2014 | Ghana (Accra) | 227 | 122 (53.74) | 105 (46.26) | 14 | 69 (30.40) | 157 (69.16) | 0 | | 12 | WERK [21] | 2002 | Kenya (Nairobi) | 9981 | 7476 (74.90) | 2505 (25.10) | 12.5 | 4566 (45.75) | 3061 (30.67) | 2354 (23.58) | | 13 | Ouma [22] | 2004 | Kenya | 5152 | 2882 (55.94) | 2270 (44.06) | 14 | 418 (8.11) | 3757 (72.92) | 977 (18.96) | | 14 | Omondi [23] | 2015 | Kenya (Kitale) | 99 | 74 (74.75) | 25 (25.25) | 13.5 | 4 (4.04) | 95 (95.96) | 0 | | 15 | Kipyegon [24] | 2015 | Kenya (Eldoret) | 75 | 58 (77.33) | 17 (22.67) | 13 | — | — | — | | 16 | Snell [25] | 2003 | South Africa | 30 | 0 | 30 (100.00) | 13 | 3 (10.00) | 27 (90.00) | 0 | | 17 | Cummings [26] | 2006 | Sierra Leone | 166 | 71 (42.77) | 95 (57.23) | 12.5 | 130 (78.31) | 36 (21.69) | 0 | | 18 | Al-Dien [27] | 2009 | Egypt | 2603 | 2053 (78.87) | 550 (21.13) | — | 0 | 2603 (100.00) | 0 | | | Subtotal (Africa) | 25755 | 18565 (72.08) | 7190 (27.92) | 13.15 | 5996 (23.28) | 13046 (50.65) | 3331 (12.93) | | 19 | Gaidhane [28] | 2008 | India (Mumbai) | 163 | 163 (100.00) | 0 | 16.5 | — | — | — | | 20 | Bal [29] | 2010 | India (Kolkata) | 554 | 362 (65.34) | 192 (34.66) | 13 | 258 (46.57) | 296 (53.43) | 0 | | 21 | Gupta [30] | 2012 | India (Sangam Vihar) | 100 | 84 (84.00) | 16 (16.00) | 10 | 85 (85.00) | 15 (15.00) | 0 | | 22 | Mukherjee [31] | 2014 | India (Kolkata) | 600 | 392 (65.33) | 208 (34.67) | 9 | 170 (28.33) | 430 (71.67) | 0 | | 23 | TISS [32] | 2015 | India (Mumbai) | 37059 | 25960 (70.05) | 11099 (29.95) | 9 | 8940 (24.12) | 19871 (53.62) | 8248 (22.26) | | 24 | Chande [33] | | India (Thane) | 121 | 80 (66.12) | 41 (33.88) | 11 | 42 (34.71) | 79 (65.29) | 0 | | 25 | Ahmed [34] | 2003 | Bangladesh | 2573 | 2509 (97.51) | 64 (2.49) | 13 | 1562 (60.71) | 1011 (39.29) | 0 | | 26 | Islam [35] | 2013 | Bangladesh | 100 | 50 (50.00) | 50 (50.00) | 13 | 34 (34.00) | 41 (41.00) | 25 (25.00) | | 27 | Vedadi [36] | 2013 | Pakistan | 250 | 115 (46.00) | 135 (54.00) | 9 | 33 (13.20) | 217 (86.80) | 0 | | 28 | Baker [37] | 1997 | Nepal | 130 | 130 (100.00) | 0 | 13 | — | — | — | | | Subtotal (Asia) | 41650 | 29845 (71.66) | 11805 (28.34) | 11.65 | 11124 (26.71) | 21960 (52.73) | 8273 (19.86) | | 29 | Campos [38] | 1994 | Brazil | 379 | 291 (76.78) | 88 (23.22) | 13.5 | — | — | — | | 30 | Raffaelli [39] | 2005 | Brazil | 69 | 35 (50.72) | 34 (49.28) | 14.5 | 28 (40.58) | 41 (59.42) | 0 | | 31 | de Carvalho [40] | 2006 | Brazil | 161 | 127 (78.88) | 34 (21.12) | 14 | 53 (32.92) | 81 (50.31) | 27 (16.77) | | | Subtotal (Latin America) | 609 | 453 (74.38) | 156 (25.62) | 14 | 81 (13.30) | 122 (20.03) | 27 (4.43) | | | Total (all continents) | 68014 | 48863 (71.84) | 19151 (28.16) | 12.9 | 17201 (25.29) | 35128 (51.65) | 11631 (17.10) |
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