Review Article
Livelihood of Street Children and the Role of Social Intervention: Insights from Literature Using Meta-Analysis
Table 3
Livelihood opportunities of the street children identified from studies for review.
| | Study number | First author (reference number) | Year | Country | Sample | Livelihood | | Begging (%) | Daily labourers (%) | Street vender (%) | Others (%) |
| | 1 | Sorsa [11] | 2002 | Ethiopia (Hwassa) | 479 | — | — | — | — | | 2 | UNICEF [12] | 2000 | Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) | 240 | 0 | 140 (58.33) | 69 (28.75) | 4 (1.67) | | 2000 | Ethiopia (Bahir Dar) | 440 | 0 | 207 (47.05) | 199 (45.23) | 34 (7.73) | | 2000 | Ethiopia (Dessie) | 339 | 32 (9.44) | 203 (59.88) | 104 (30.68) | 0 | | 2000 | Ethiopia (Kombolcha) | 312 | 0 | 155 (49.68) | 91 (29.17) | 66 (21.15) | | 3 | Mulugeta [13] | 2005 | Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) | 191 | 0 | 95 (49.74) | 69 (36.13) | 29 (15.18) | | 4 | Habtamu [14] | 2013 | Ethiopia (Addis Ababa) | 422 | 0 | 336 (79.62) | 49 (11.61) | 37 (8.77) | | 5 | Kebede [3] | 2015 | Ethiopia (Hwassa) | 170 | 65 (38.24) | 92 (54.12) | 13 (7.65) | 0 | | 6 | Ikechebelu, [15] | 2008 | Nigeria | 186 | — | — | — | — | | 7 | Owoaje [16] | 2009 | Nigeria | 360 | — | — | — | — | | 8 | Ekpiken-Ekanem [17] | 2014 | Nigeria | 3036 | — | — | — | — | | 9 | Ballet [18] | 2010 | Madagascar | 100 | 100 (100.00) | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 10 | Anarfi [19] | 1997 | Ghana (Accra) | 1147 | 8 (0.70) | 718 (62.60) | 415 (36.18) | 6 (0.52) | | 11 | Asante [20] | 2014 | Ghana (Accra) | 227 | — | — | — | — | | 12 | WERK [21] | 2002 | Kenya (Nairobi) | 9981 | — | — | — | — | | 13 | Ouma [22] | 2004 | Kenya | 5152 | — | — | — | — | | 14 | Omondi [23] | 2015 | Kenya (Kitale) | 99 | — | — | — | — | | 15 | Kipyegon [24] | 2015 | Kenya (Eldoret) | 75 | — | — | — | — | | 16 | Snell [25] | 2003 | South Africa | 30 | — | — | — | — | | 17 | Cummings [26] | 2006 | Sierra Leone | 166 | 69 (41.57) | 31 (18.67) | 55 (33.13) | 11 (6.63) | | 18 | Al-Dien [27] | 2009 | Egypt | 2603 | — | — | — | — | | Subtotal (Africa) | 25755 | 274 (1.06) | 1977 (7.68) | 1064 (4.13) | 187 (0.78) | | 19 | Gaidhane [28] | 2008 | India (Mumbai) | 163 | — | — | — | — | | 20 | Bal [29] | 2010 | India (Kolkata) | 554 | 21 (3.79) | 172 (31.05) | 0 | 361 (65.16) | | 21 | Gupta [30] | 2012 | India (Sangam Vihar) | 100 | 9 (9.00) | 64 (64.00) | 27 (27.00) | 0 | | 22 | Mukherjee [31] | 2014 | India (Kolkata) | 600 | 118 (19.67) | 294 (49.00) | 56 (9.33) | 0 | | 23 | TISS [32] | 2015 | India (Mumbai) | 37059 | 2934 (7.92) | 10117 (27.30) | 4263 (11.50) | 19745 (53.28) | | 24 | Chande [33] | | India (Thane) | 121 | — | — | — | — | | 25 | Ahmed [34] | 2003 | Bangladesh | 2573 | 274 (10.65) | 1612 (62.65) | 195 (7.58) | 492 (19.12) | | 26 | Islam [35] | 2013 | Bangladesh | 100 | 0 | 27 (27.00) | 48 (48.00) | 25 (25.00) | | 27 | Vedadi [36] | 2013 | Pakistan | 250 | 26 (10.40) | 207 (82.80) | 17 (6.80) | 0 | | 28 | Baker [37] | 1997 | Nepal | 130 | — | — | — | — | | Subtotal (Asia) | 41650 | 3406 (8.18) | 12570 (30.18) | 4606 (11.06) | 20637 (49.55) | | 29 | Campos [38] | 1994 | Brazil | 379 | — | — | — | — | | 30 | Raffaelli [39] | 2005 | Brazil | 69 | 4 (5.80) | 13 (18.84) | 0 | 52 (75.36) | | 31 | de Carvalho [40] | 2006 | Brazil | 161 | — | — | — | — | | Subtotal (Latin America) | 609 | 4 (0.66) | 13 (2.13) | 0 | 52 (8.54) | | Total (all continents) | 68014 | 3684 (5.42) | 14560 (21.41) | 5670 (8.34) | 20876 (30.69) |
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