Appearances Are Deceiving: Observing the World as It Looks and How It Really Is—Theory of Mind Performances Investigated in 3-, 4-, and 5-Year-Old Children

Table 4

Statistical association for appearance-reality and other tasks administered, by participant: Chi-square test.

Age	Comprehension	Appearance-reality	False-belief task with puppets	False-belief task with pictures	Smarties test 1	Smarties test 2	Fisher’s Exact Test
3 years	Absent	18 (−1.9)	26 (2.0)	22 (.6)	20 (−1.0)	23 (.3)	7.28
	Present	13 (1.9)	4 (−2.0)	7 (−.6)	11 (1.0)	8 (−.3)
4 years	Absent	1 (−2.8)	11 (1.4)	13 (2.2)	8 (−.1)	6 (−1.1)	13.46
	Present	13 (2.8)	9 (−1.4)	8 (−2.2)	12 (.1)	14 (1.1)
5 years	Absent	0 (−2.8)	11 (2.7)	8 (1.4)	5 (−.2)	3 (−1.3)	16.45
	Present	27 (2.8)	19 (−2.7)	20 (−1.4)	23 (.2)	25 (−1.3)

Note. The frequencies and the residuals reported in bold type are significant. Standardized adjusted residuals are bracketed. and .