Association of β-Blocker Therapy at Discharge with Clinical Outcomes after Acute Coronary Syndrome in Patients without Heart Failure

Table 1

Landmark analyses in 2-year clinical outcomes.

	Overall population				AMI subpopulation				UA subpopulation
	Discharged with β-blockers ()	Discharged without β-blockers ()	HR (95% CI)	value	Discharged with β-blockers ()	Discharged without β-blockers ()	HR (95% CI)	value	Discharged with β-blockers ()	Discharged without β-blockers ()	HR (95% CI)	value
0-2 years
Death	47 (0.9)	8 (1.4)	0.69 (0.32-1.47)	0.336	16 (1.1)	0 (0.0)	NA	NA	31 (0.9)	8 (1.7)	0.42 (0.19-0.94)	0.034
Cardiac death	24 (0.5)	3 (0.5)	0.94 (028-3.18)	0.925	10 (0.7)	0 (0.0)	NA	NA	14 (0.4)	3 (0.6)	0.36 (0.10-1.32)	0.123
MI	29 (0.6)	5 (0.9)	0.63 (0.24-1.63)	0.338	8 (0.6)	2 (1.7)	0.32 (0.07-1.54)	0.156	21 (0.6)	3 (0.6)	0.84 (0.25-2.81)	0.772
MACCE	538 (10.7)	61 (10.4)	0.93 (0.72-1.22)	0.614	155 (10.7)	12 (10.3)	1.02 (0.57-1.85)	0.935	383 (10.6)	49 (10.4)	0.91 (0.67-1.22)	0.517
0-1 year
Death	17 (0.3)	4 (0.7)	0.55 (0.18-1.73)	0.316	10 (0.7)	0 (0.0)	NA	NA	7 (0.2)	4 (0.8)	0.17 (0.04-0.65)	0.010
Cardiac death	7 (0.1)	2 (0.3)	0.61 (0.11-3.26)	0.562	5 (0.3)	0 (0.0)	NA	NA	2 (0.1)	2 (0.4)	0.12 (0.01-0.99)	0.049
MI	14 (0.3)	4 (0.7)	0.40 (0.13-1.22)	0.106	3 (0.2)	1 (0.9)	0.32 (0.03-3.07)	0.322	11 (0.3)	3 (0.6)	0.69 (0.15-3.14)	0.633
MACCE	354 (7.0)	39 (6.6)	0.94 (0.68-1.32)	0.749	107 (7.4)	11 (9.5)	0.77 (0.41-1.44)	0.409	247 (6.9)	28 (5.9)	1.01 (0.68-1.50)	0.954
>1 year-2 years
Death	30 (0.6)	4 (0.7)	0.80 (0.28-2.30)	0.677	6 (0.4)	0 (0.0)	NA	NA	24 (0.67)	4 (0.85)	0.66 (0.22-1.95)	0.455
Cardiac death	17 (0.3)	1 (0.2)	1.68 (0.22-12.80)	0.614	5 (0.3)	0 (0.0)	NA	NA	12 (0.3)	1 (0.2)	0.84 (0.11-6.80)	0.874
MI	15 (0.3)	1 (0.2)	1.56 (0.21-11.80)	0.669	5 (0.4)	1 (0.9)	0.35 (0.04-3.03)	0.341	10 (0.28)	0 (0.00)	NA	NA
MACCE	184 (3.9)	22 (4.0)	0.91 (0.58-1.42)	0.684	48 (3.6)	1 (1.0)	3.88 (0.53-28.16)	0.181	136 (4.1)	21 (4.7)	0.76 (0.48-1.21)	0.253

Values are presented as (%). Variables with a value < 0.05 in the univariate Cox proportional hazard model were included. In the overall population, for all-cause death, the variables, namely, age, stroke, COPD, prior PCI, , LVEF, heart rate, rSS, and clopidogrel use, were adjusted. For cardiac death, the variables, namely, age, prior MI, prior PCI, prior CABG, , LVEF, heart rate, rSS, and clopidogrel use, were adjusted. for MI, the variables, namely, , prior CABG, and rSS, were adjusted. For MACCE, the variables, namely, diabetes, stroke, prior MI, prior CABG, LVEF, rSS, LAD lesion, and GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor use, were adjusted. In the UA subpopulation, variables of age, COPD, LVEF, and clopidogrel use were adjusted for all-cause death; age, COPD, prior coronary artery bypass graft, LVEF, heart rate, rSS, IABP use, and clopidogrel use were adjusted for cardiac death; variables of prior CABG, LVEF, and rSS were adjusted for MI; variables of diabetes, stroke, prior MI, prior CABG, SS, rSS, LAD lesion, IABP use, and GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor use were adjusted for MACCE. In the AMI subpopulation, variables of age, sex, stroke, prior PCI, current smoking, , and left main lesion were adjusted for all-cause death; variables of age, prior MI, prior PCI, PAD, left main lesion, , and rSS were adjusted for cardiac death; variables of PAD, left main lesion, and rSS were adjusted for MI; variables of LAD lesion, rSS, and GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor use were adjusted for MACCE. CABG: coronary artery bypass graft; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio; IABP: intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation; LAD: left anterior descending artery; LVEF: left ventricular ejection function; MACCE: major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events; MI: myocardial infarction; PAD: peripheral vascular disease.