Patterns of Circadian Variation in 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, and Sympathetic Tone Correlate with Cardiovascular Disease Risk: A Cluster Analysis
Table 3
Estimated 10-year ASCVD risk according to the SBP, DBP, HR, and sympathetic tone clustering analyses.
Mean 10-year ASCVD risk score
Proportion of low risk (<7.5%) 10-year ASCVD
Proportion of high risk (≥7.5%) 10-year ASCVD
value
Crude OR for high risk (≥7.5%) 10-year ASCVD
value
Adjusted OR for high risk (≥7.5%) 10-year ASCVD†
value
SBP clusters
SBP C1
5.9%
77.4%
22.6%
<0.001
1 (reference)
N/A
1 (reference)
N/A
SBP C2
5.9%
75.6%
24.4%
1.11 (0.71-1.73)
0.653
0.88 (0.30-2.63)
0.881
SBP C3
9.2%
59.6%
40.4%
2.32 (1.50-3.58)
<0.001
0.77 (0.26-2.26)
0.769
SBP C4
9.5%
54.3%
45.7%
2.88 (1.85-4.49)
<0.001
0.88 (0.30-2.60)
0.875
DBP clusters
DBP C1
5.2%
81.1%
18.9%
<0.001
1 (reference)
N/A
1 (reference)
N/A
DBP C2
6.0%
75.5%
24.5%
1.39 (0.85-2.27)
0.186
1.26 (0.40-4.00)
0.696
DBP C3
8.0%
61.4%
38.6%
2.70 (1.69-4.32)
<0.001
0.98 (0.33-2.93)
0.967
DBP C4
9.9%
55.9%
44.1%
3.38 (2.19-5.21)
<0.001
1.84 (0.66-5.20)
0.246
HR clusters
HR C1
5.6%
76.5%
23.5%
<0.001
1 (reference)
N/A
1 (reference)
N/A
HR C2
7.5%
68.7%
31.3%
1.49 (0.98-2.24)
0.059
1.59 (0.58-4.38)
0.370
HR C3
8.3%
63.6%
36.4%
1.87 (1.22-2.84)
0.004
1.61 (0.58-4.47)
0.358
HR C4
9.8%
55.0%
45.0%
2.67 (1.84-3.87)
<0.001
2.09 (0.85-5.12)
0.108
Sympathetic tone clusters
Sympathetic tone C1
4.3%
88.8%
11.2%
<0.001
1 (reference)
N/A
1 (reference)
N/A
Sympathetic tone C2
4.7%
80.6%
19.4%
1.91 (0.90-4.05)
0.091
4.56 (0.88-23.55)
0.070
Sympathetic tone C3
6.8%
70.7%
29.3%
3.28 (1.61-6.68)
0.001
5.90 (1.27-27.46)
0.024
Sympathetic tone C4
9.5%
56.7%
43.3%
6.03 (3.14-11.60)
<0.001
15.28 (3.59-65.11)
<0.001
SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; N/A: not available. According to the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association, the cardiovascular risk score calculates the 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. †Binary logistic regression for adjusted variables: age, sex, history of smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, prior history of myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, and body mass index.
