|
| Compounds | Individuals | Design | Main data | References |
|
| High MPC EVOO vs moderate and low MPC EVOO | 200 healthy men | Multicenter RC crossover design | The negative association between the oleic/linoleic acid ratio and biomarkers of oxidative stress and improvement of LDL fatty acid profile | [296] |
| EVOO vs saturated fat diet | 18 healthy postmenopausal women | Prospective, longitudinal, study | EVOO decreases the risk to develop the metabolic syndrome and CAD | [297] |
| EVOO vs soya oil | 41 adult women with excess body fat | Double-blinded RC vs placebo | EVOO increases fat loss and reduces DBP and some biochemical parameters | [298] |
| High MPC EVOO vs low MPC EVOO | 9 men and 11 women with metabolic syndrome | RC sequential crossover design | After EVOO-based breakfast, numerous inflammatory genes involved in factor NF-κB, AP-1, MAPK, and AA pathways are repressed in PBMC | [299] |
| High MPC VOO vs intermediate and low VOO | 19 men and 30 women with metabolic syndrome | RC, crossover design | High MPC VOO-based breakfast attenuates plasma LPS, TLR4, and SOCS3 proteins, activation of NF-κB and the IL-6 vs low and intermediate oil. In PBMC, postprandial expression of IL-1B, IL-6, and CXCL1 is reduced especially by high MPC VOO | [300] |
| High MPC EVOO vs low MPC EVOO | 6 healthy men and 6 healthy women; 6 men and 6 women with metabolic syndrome | Paired study | Acute high MPC EVOO transiently improves glycaemia and insulin sensitivity. It directly modifies the miRNA of PBMC. Acute EVOO poor in MPC is less effective | [278] |
| EVOO vs ROO | 14 healthy and 14 hypertriacylglycerolemia men | Blind RC crossover design | EVOO has postprandial anti-inflammatory effects | [301] |
| EVOO | 26 male and 34 female DM2 patients | RC trial | Both atorvastatin and EVOO reduce plasma lipids and increase HDL with a higher activity of atorvastatin | [302] |
| EVOO | 17 males and 13 females with impaired fasting glucose | Blind RC crossover design | After EVOO meal, glucose, TG, ApoB-48, and DPP4 activity decrease, whereas insulin and GLP-1 increase vs meal without EVOO. Chol and HDL do not change after EVOO meal vs meal without EVOO | [303] |
| EVOO vs coconut oil vs unsalted butter | Healthy women (67%) and men (33%) | RC trial | No changes in BW, BMI, central adiposity, fasting blood glucose, SBP, and DBP for all diets. Butter increases LDL; coconut increases HDL | [304] |
| EVOO vs VOO | 41 males and females (overweight or obese) | Single-blinded RC | EVOO decreases SBP and increases anti-CD3/anti-CD28 stimulated T cell proliferation vs VOO | [305] |
| VOO rich in MPC vs ROO | 11 women at stage 1 of essential hypertension or 13 with normal-high BP | Double-blind RC crossover design | VOO rich in MPC decreases SBP, DBP, CRP, LDL, ADMA and increases nitrites/nitrates and hyperemic area after ischemia | [306] |
| Diet enriched with VOO, walnuts, or almonds | 9 female and 9 male hypercholesterolemic patients | RC crossover design | The VOO, walnut, and almond diets reduce LDL; They reduce LDL, Chol, and LDL/HDL ratio. Other lipid fractions, oxidation, and inflammatory biomarkers do not change | [307] |
| OO rich in MPC vs OO + EGCG | Patients with endothelial dysfunction, OO rich in MPC (13 men and 15 women) OO + EGCG (10 men and 14 women) | Double-blinded RC | They reduce endothelial dysfunction, but only OO reduces inflammatory biomarkers, white blood cells, monocytes, and lymphocytes | [308] |
| OO enriched with oleanolic acid (OA) vs OO | 176 individuals of both sexes with impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance | Multicenter double‐blind RC trial | The intake of OO rich in OA reduces the risk of developing DM in individuals with impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance | [309] |
| MedDiet + EVOO vs MedDiet + nut vs control | 7447 old participants of PREDIMED (43% men and 57% women) at risk for CVD | Observational study in primary prevention | Long intake of MedDiet + EVOO and MedDiet + nut reduces primary CV events | [11] |
| High MPC EVOO vs moderate and low MPC VOO | 18 healthy men | Double-blind RC, crossover design | High PMC EVOO reduces SBP vs basal values and low PMC VOO. It maintains DBP values compared to low MPC VOO. Further, it reduces ACE and NR1H2 gene expressions vs basal and IL-8RA vs low PMC MPC | [310] |
| MeDiet + EVOO vs MeDiet + washed EVOO vs habitual diet | 26 healthy men and 64 healthy women | RC crossover design | In plasma, MedDiet + EVOO reduces oxidative and inflammatory status. In PBMC, it reduces oxidative stress, the gene expression of INF-γ, Rho GTPase-activating protein 15, IL-7 receptor, adrenergic β2 receptor and polymerase (DNA-directed) k. These effects with the exception of polymerase (DNA-directed) κ are more elevated when EVOO rich in polyphenols was added | [311] |
| High MPC EVOO vs low MPC EVOO | 46 healthy subjects (14 men and 32 women) | RC crossover design | No effect on fasting plasma lipids, oxLDL, and LPO | [106] |
| EVOO vs refined OO | 24 men | RC crossover design | Only EVOO rich in MPCs lowers oxLDL being ineffective vs plasma lipids | [312] |
| High MPC VOO vs moderate and low MPC VOO | 18 healthy men | RC crossover design | High MPC VOO reduces oxLDL MPC-1, CD40L, IL-23A, IL-7R, IL-8RA, ADRB2, and OLR1 genes, whereas IFNG, IL-7R, IL-23A, CD40L, MCP-1, and IL-8RA decrease with low MPC VOO | [313] |
| High MPC VOO + triterpenes (OVOO) vs OVOO + higher MPC and triterpenes (FOO) vs low MPC and triterpenes (VOO) | 27 healthy men and 26 healthy women | Double-blind RC, crossover design | Urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine, plasma IL-8, and TNF- α decrease more after FOO vs OVOO | [314] |
| High MPC VOO + triterpenes (OVOO) vs OVOO + higher amounts of MPC and triterpenes (FOO) vs low MPC and triterpenes (VOO) | 27 healthy men and 26 healthy women | Double-blind RC, crossover design | After OVOO, HDL increases only in females. Chol increases after FOO and TG after VOO and OVOO. SBP decreases after the VOO and increases after the FOO. DBP and pulse pressure do not vary as well as LDL, sICAM-1, and sVCAM-1. Plasma ET-1 decreases after the VOO, OVOO, and FOO | [315] |
| VOO, VOO + MPC (FVOO), VOO + MPC + Thyme phenols (FVOOT) | Hypercholesterolemic men and women | Double-blind RC crossover design | Acute and sustained intake of VOO and FVOO attenuate PON1 protein and increase PON1-associated specific activities, while FVOOT has opposite effects. Only VOO increases PON3 protein | [316] |
| VOO vs VOO + MPC (FVOO) vs VOO + MPC + Thyme phenols (FVOOT) | Hypercholesterolemic volunteers: 5 women and 7 men | Double-blind RC, crossover design | FVOOT reduces serum oxLDL and elevates gut bifidobacteria vs VOO. FVOO does not change blood lipids and microbial populations but elevates the coprostanone vs FVOOT | [317] |
| VOO vs VOO + MPC (FVOO) VOO + MPC + Thyme phenols (FVOOT) | Hypercholesterolemic volunteers:19 men and 14 women | Double-blind, RC crossover design | Urinary HTyr sulfate and thymol sulfate increase after FVOO or after FVOOT, respectively. FVOO and FVOOT do not change glycaemia, TG, LDL, HDL, ApoAI, and ApoB100 vs VOO with the exception of LDL that decreases after FVOO. FVOO and FVOOT change the lipoprotein subclasses profile and decrease insulin resistance index. BP and BMI do not change | [318] |
| VOO vs VOO + MPC (FVOO) | Prehypertensive or stage 1 hypertension participants (7 men and 6 women) | Double-blind RC crossover design | FVOO decreases ischemic reactive hyperemia, oxLDL, postprandial glycaemia, TG, PAI-I, and CRP vs VOO | [319] |
| VOO vs VOO + MPC and VOO + Thyme | 8 men and 14 women hypercholesterolemic subjects | Double-blind, RC crossover design | In PBMC, the intake of enriched VOO and VOO + thyme increases the expression of proteins involved in Chol efflux and nuclear receptor-related genes | [320] |
| VOO vs VOO + MPC (FVOO) and VOO + Thyme (FVOOT) | Hypercholesterolemic subjects: 19 men and 14 women | Double-blind, RC crossover design | The 2 enriched oils elevate antioxidants in HDL, whereas α-tocopherol is elevated only after FVOOT | [321] |
| VOO vs VOO + MPC vs VOO + MPC + Thyme phenols | 19 hypercholesterolemic men and 14 women | Double-blind RC crossover design | Their consumption of each oil affects the HDL proteome in a cardioprotective mode | [322] |
| Diets with VOO and refined OO vs sunflower or corn oil during washout period | 24 young women with high-normal BP or stage 1 essential hypertension | Double-blind RC crossover design | Only VOO decreases SBP and DBP, serum asymmetric dimethylarginine, oxLDL, and CRP. It increases the plasma nitrites/nitrates ratio and hyperemic area after ischemia | [306] |
| High MPC OO enriched breakfast vs low MPC OO breakfast | 5 hypercholesterolemic men and 16 women | RC design sequential crossover | After the high MPC breakfast, FVIIa increases less and PAI-1 activity decreases more than after the low MPC breakfast | [169] |
| OO rich in MPC vs refined OO | 69 healthy participants of both sexes | Double-blind RC parallel design | Both OO improve the urinary proteomic CAD score but not chronic kidney disease or DM proteomic biomarkers. No differences are measured between the two OO | [99] |
| OO with high vs OO with moderate MPC | pre/hypertensive patients 17 men and 6 women | RC crossover design | In white blood cells, high MPC OO increases gene expression of ATP binding cassette transporter-A1, scavenger receptor class B type 1, PPARα, PPARγ, PPAR δ, and CD36 vs moderate MPC OO | [323] |
| High MPC OO vs moderate MPC and low MPC OO | 30 healthy subjects of unknown sex | Double-blind RC vs placebo- crossover design | The consumption of oil rich in MPCs increases MPCs in LDL-C and decreases oxLDL | [324] |
| High MPC OO vs moderate and low MPC OO | 12 healthy male subjects | Double-blind RC, crossover design | All OO promote postprandial increase in F2-isoprostanes whereas the LDL oxidation is inversely linked with MPCs | [325] |
| High MPC OO vs moderate and low MPC OO | 200 healthy men | RC crossover design | HDL and Chol increase and decrease linearly with the MPC amounts, respectively. OxLDL and MPC amount are inversely related. TG decrease is not influenced by MPC amount | [325] |
| High MPC OO vs low MPC OO | 10 menopausal healthy women | RC design crossover | MPC-rich OO diet reduces DNA damage vs low MPC OO whereas plasma antioxidant capacity does not diverge | [326] |
| High MPC OO vs moderate and low MPC OO | 12 male healthy subjects | Double-blind, RC crossover design | Short-term consumption of MPC-rich OO decreases plasma oxLDL, urinary 8-oxo-dg and increases plasma HDL and GPx vs moderate and low MPC OO | [327] |
| High MPC OO | Patients with polymorphism in NOS3 Glu298Asp (rs1799983) of eNOS (22 men, 35 women) | RC sequential crossover design | Single administration seems to reduce the deleterious effect of the T allele carrier’s condition | [328] |
| High MPC OO vs moderate and low MPC OO | 30 healthy men from a religious center | RC, crossover design | MPC-rich OO is more effective in protecting LDL oxidation and in raising HDL than OO with lower quantities of MPCs | [15] |
| High MPC OO vs low MPC OO | 22 mildly dyslipidemic subjects | RC crossover design | MPC-rich OO lowers plasma TXB2 and elevates plasma antioxidant capacity vs low MPC OO. Urinary F2-isoprostanes and plasma lipids do not diverge between the two groups | [329] |
| High MPC OO vs low MPC OO enriched breakfast | 21 hypercholesterolemic subjects (5 men and 16 postmenopausal women) | RC crossover design | High MPC OO protects against postprandial endothelial dysfunction and decreases lipid peroxide and F2-isoprostanes vs low MPC OO | [330] |
| High MPC OO vs low phenolic OO | 28 individuals with CHD (sex not reported) | Double-blind RC placebo-controlled, crossover design | Enriched OO decreases IL-6 and CRP being ineffective on soluble sICAM-sVCAM-1 and lipid profile | [331] |
| High MPC OO vs low MPC OO vs corn oil | 12 healthy men | The study has a Latin square design | Enriched OO decreases TXB2 and LTB4 and increases plasma antioxidant capacity | [332] |
| High MPC OO vs low MPC OO | 40 men with stable CID | RC crossover design | MPC-rich OO decreases oxLDL and LPO and increases GPx | [333] |
| OO vs sunflower-seed vs and rapeseed | 18 healthy men | Double-blind RC crossover design | Postprandial lipid and lipoprotein concentrations are not greatly affected versus rapeseed and sunflower-seed oil, while rapeseed and OO diets have the same effect on LDL oxidation | [334] |
| OO | 18 healthy men | RC crossover design | OO may attenuate the acute procoagulant effects of fatty meals | [335] |
| OO | 8 men and 5 women with type DM2 | Single-blinded RC crossover design | It increases in GLP-1 and GIP | [336] |
| OO (unrefined) | 23 hypertensive patients of both sexes | Double-blind RC crossover design | Resting SBP and DBP are significantly lower at the end of the MUFA diet vs the PUFA diet. The cold pressor test and isometric exercise are similar. Daily drug dosage is significantly reduced during the MUFA vs PUFA diet | [337] |
| High MPC OO vs low MPC OO | Healthy smokers: 11 men and 14 women | Single-blind RC crossover design | Plasma antioxidant capacity and oxLDL do not differ significantly between the rich and low MPC OO | [18] |
| High MPC OO (HPCOO); low MPC VOO low-MPCOO (LPCOO), refined OO | 25 healthy men | RC parallel, crossover, design | HPCOO decreases ApoB-100 and small LDL particles vs baseline and LPCOO. LPCOO increases previous parameters. HPCOO increases the lag time of LDL oxidation, which is not affected by LPCCO. LPL gene expression is not significantly changed by both OO | [338] |
| High MPC OO (HPCOO); VOO low MPC OO (LPCOO); refined OO | 47 healthy men | RC crossover design | HPCOO increases HDL cholesterol efflux capacity vs the LPCOO and incorporation of MPC and their metabolites in HDL and HDL2. HPCOO intake decreases HDL3 and the HDL core becomes TG-poor, and HDL fluidity increased | [339] |
| HTyr | Healthy subjects (12 men and 16 women) | Double-blinded, RC crossover design | Regular intake of HTyr improves the antioxidant defense and decreases nitrate and MDA | [340] |
| HTyr | 21 healthy volunteers (sex not reported) | Double-blinded, RC crossover design | In PBMC, it induces miR-193a-5p, which leads to the generation of anti-inflammatory molecules | [218] |
| Oleuropein | 24 healthy participants (sex not reported) | Double-blind RC Latin square design | No effect on postprandial glucose derived from bread, but in solution it attenuates postprandial blood glucose after 25 g sucrose, but has no effect after 50 g of sucrose or glucose | [254] |
| Oleuropein | Healthy 10 men and 10 women | Double-blind RC crossover study | Its intake lowers glycaemia, DPP‐4 activity, soluble NADPH oxidase‐derived peptide activity, 8‐iso‐PGF2α, platelet p47phox phosphorylation and elevates insulin and GLP‐1 | [341] |
| Low-fat diet vs high in saturated fat (butter) vs high in monounsaturated fat (EVOO) diets | 8 women and 5 men with type 1 DM | RCT crossover design | The addition of EVOO attenuates the early postprandial glucose response | [342] |
| Lunch + EVOO | 17 men and 13 women patients with impaired fasting glucose | RCT crossover design | Lunch + EVOO reduces glucose, TG, ApoB-48, and DPP4 activity and increases insulin and GLP1. Chol and HDL do not change | [303] |
| Lunch + EVOO | 12 healthy men and 13 healthy women | RC crossover design | Lunch + EVOO decreases postprandial glucose and LDL | [343] |
| Lunch + EVOO vs lunch + corn oil | Healthy subjects (12 men and 13 women) | RCT crossover design | Lunch + EVOO ameliorates postprandial oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction being lunch + corn oil ineffective | [344] |
| Lunch + EVOO | 30 patients with impaired fasting glucose | RC crossover design | Lunch+EVOO attenuates the increase of oxidative stress and in LPS | [345] |
| Lunch + EVOO | Subgroup of the PREDIMED study, 110 women with metabolic syndrome | Multicenter, controlled parallel group | MedDiet + EVOO decreases urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine and prostanoids | [346] |
| MedDiet + EVOO vs MedDiet + nuts vs MedDiet with advice to use low fat | 7477 individuals (57% women) at high CV risk | Randomized multicenter PREDIMED study testing the MedDiet in primary CV prevention | MedDiet + EVOO and MedDiet + nuts reduce the incidence of major CV events by approximately 30% vs the control diet | [347] |
| MedDiet + EVOO vs MedDiet + nuts vs MedDiet with advice to use low fat | 2292 (1343 women) patients with high CV risk
2210 (1200 women)
2203 (1323 women) | Post hoc analysis of the PREDIMED study | MedDiet + EVOO reduces the risk of atrial fibrillation | [348] |
| MedDiet + EVOO vs MedDiet + nuts vs MedDiet with advice to use low fat | 351 men and women with DM2 or CV risk ≥3 | A subgroup of PREDIMED study | MedDiet + EVOO decreases the BW and changes fat distribution | [349] |
| MedDiet + EVOO vs MedDiet + nuts vs MedDiet with advice to use low fat | Men and women (3541 patients) at high CV risk | PREDIMED study | The MedDiet + EVOO reduces DM2 risk among persons with high CV risk | [350] |
| MedDiet + EVOO vs MedDiet + nuts vs MedDiet with advice to use low fat | 3230 men and women with DM2 | PREDIMED study | MedDiet + EVOO may delay the introduction of glucose-lowering medications | [351] |
| MedDiet + EVOO vs MedDiet + nuts, low-fat diet | Old men and women | PREDIMED study | MedDiet especially if supplemented with EVOO changes the transcriptomic response of genes related to CV risk | [352] |
| MedDiet + EVOO vs MedDiet + nuts, low-fat diet | Old men and women | PREDIMED study | Both diets decrease IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and MIP-1β. MedDiet + EVOO decreases IL-1β, IL-5, IL-7, IL-12p70, IL-18, TNF-α, IFNγ, GCSF, GM-CSF, ENA78, E-selectin, and sVCAM-1 vs the MedDiet + nuts group | [353] |
| MedDiet + EVOO vs MedDiet + nuts, low-fat diet | 160 (74 men and 86 women) with high CV risk | PREDIMED study subgroup | Both diets reduce CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1. After 3 years, both reduce CD49d and CD40 expressions in T lymphocytes and monocytes and increase HDL but decrease Chol, LDL, TG, and BP. At 5 y, low-fat diet increases glucose and glycated hemoglobin | [354] |
| MedDiet vs MedDiet + EVOO MedDiet + corn oil | 12 men and 13 women | RC crossover design | EVOO but not corn oil counteracts the upregulation of NOX2 protecting from postprandial oxidative stress | [344] |
| MedDiet rich in OO | 805 patients (sex not reported) with CHD, who had their last coronary event more than 6 months before enrolment, stratified in diabetes and prediabetes | Prospective, randomized, single-blind, controlled trial (CORDIOPREV) | MedDiet rich in OO improves endothelial function in patients with prediabetes and DM vs low-fat diet | [355] |
| Leaf extract | 60 prehypertensive men | Double-blind, RC crossover design | It reduces plasma TC, LDL, TAG, HDL, Chol/HDL ratio, IL-8. It does not affect oxLDL, CRP, adiponectin, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, P-selectin, E-selectin, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, TNF-α, fasting glucose, insulin, fructosamine or calculated HOMA-IR or QUICKI indices, nitrites. It reduces SBP and DBP | [356] |
| Leaf extract | 9 male and 9 female healthy volunteers | Double-blind, RC crossover design | It modulates positively vascular functions and IL-8 production | [357] |
| Leaf extract | 46 participants (sex not reported) | Double-blinded RC, placebo-controlled trial | It improves insulin secretion and sensitivity and increases IL-6, IGFBP-1, and IGFBP-2. It does not affect IL-8, TNF-α, CRP, lipid profile, BP, body composition, carotid intima-media thickness, or liver function | [358] |
| Leaf extract | 152 patients with stage-1 hypertension (85.4% and 87.6% women in OO and captopril groups, respectively) | Double-blind RC | Leaf extract and captopril reduce SBP and DBP in a similar manner. Only leaf extract reduces TG | [359] |
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