Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors on Arterial Stiffness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Table 2

Subgroup analyses for ba-PWV.

Group	WMD and 95% CI	P value	Heterogeneity (%)	P value for heterogeneity	P value for interaction test
Country
Eastern	−0.13 (−0.53 to 0.27)	0.527	6.1	0.302	0.014
Western	1.02 (0.17 to 1.87)	0.019	—	—
Mean age (years)
≥60.0	−0.22 (−0.62 to 0.18)	0.275	—	—	0.014
<60.0	0.71 (0.04 to 1.39)	0.037	9.3	0.294
Percentage male (%)
≥60.0	1.02 (0.17 to 1.87)	0.019	—	—	0.014
<60.0	−0.13 (−0.53 to 0.27)	0.527	6.1	0.302
Control
ARB	0.71 (0.04 to 1.39)	0.037	9.3	0.294	<0.001
CCB	−0.22 (−0.62 to 0.18)	0.275	—	—
Follow-up duration
>24	0.33 (−0.64 to 1.30)	0.504	—	—	0.530
≤24	0.34 (−0.87 to 1.55)	0.581	85.1	0.010
Baseline PWV
≥10.0	−0.13 (−0.53 to 0.27)	0.527	6.1	0.302	0.014
<10.0	1.02 (0.17 to 1.87)	0.019	—	—
Study quality
High	1.02 (0.17 to 1.87)	0.019	—	—	0.014
Low	−0.13 (−0.53 to 0.27)	0.527	6.1	0.302

PWV, pulse wave velocity; ba-PWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CI, confidence interval; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker or inhibitor; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; WMD, weighted mean difference.