Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors on Arterial Stiffness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Table 3

Subgroup analyses for cf-PWV.

Group	WMD and 95% CI	P value	Heterogeneity (%)	P value for heterogeneity	P value for interaction test
Country
Eastern	−0.46 (−1.78 to 0.86)	0.496	90.1	0.001	0.042
Western	−0.06 (−0.54 to 0.42)	0.814	92.5	<0.001
Mean age (years)
≥60.0	0.03 (−2.17 to 2.22)	0.979	98.7	<0.001	<0.001
<60.0	−0.18 (−0.53 to 0.17)	0.312	69.5	0.002
Percentage male (%)
≥60.0	−0.40 (−0.75 to −0.04)	0.031	77.5	<0.001	<0.001
<60.0	0.45 (−1.00 to 1.89)	0.547	92.2	<0.001
Control
ARB	0.01 (−0.31 to 0.33)	0.961	0.0	0.642	0.003
CCB	−0.33 (−1.06 to 0.40)	0.373	—	—
Diuretic	−0.07 (−1.15 to 1.01)	0.896	81.0	0.022
BRB	−0.18 (−0.85 to 0.48)	0.588	95.6	<0.001
Follow-up duration
>24	−0.25 (−0.83 to 0.33)	0.399	87.4	<0.001	<0.001
≤24	−0.10 (−0.72 to 0.53)	0.764	90.8	<0.001
Baseline PWV
≥10.0	−0.12 (−0.59 to 0.35)	0.615	82.7	<0.001	<0.001
<10.0	−0.15 (−0.97 to 0.67)	0.719	93.9	<0.001
Study quality
High	−0.41 (−0.79 to −0.03)	0.032	84.9	<0.001	<0.001
Low	0.17 (−0.50 to 0.85)	0.615	84.7	<0.001

PWV, pulse wave velocity; cf-PWV, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CI, confidence interval; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker or inhibitor; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; WMD, weighted mean difference.