Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors on Arterial Stiffness: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Table 4

Subgroup analyses for SBP.

Group	WMD and 95% CI	P value	Heterogeneity (%)	P value for heterogeneity	P value for interaction test
Country
Eastern	−0.05 (−5.50 to 5.40)	0.985	88.7	<0.001	<0.001
Western	0.98 (−3.47 to 5.42)	0.667	94.6	<0.001
Mean age (years)
≥60.0	1.03 (−3.71 to 5.76)	0.671	92.1	<0.001	<0.001
<60.0	0.09 (−4.72 to 4.89)	0.972	90.6	<0.001
Percentage male (%)
≥60.0	1.19 (−5.17 to 7.56)	0.713	96.6	<0.001	<0.001
<60.0	−0.55 (−3.16 to 2.06)	0.678	54.2	0.088
Control
ARB	−0.09 (−4.90 to 4.73)	0.972	66.2	0.019	<0.001
CCB	−1.57 (−5.61 to 2.47)	0.446	52.1	0.149
Diuretic	5.81 (−10.01 to 21.62)	0.472	92.8	<0.001
BRB	0.41 (−5.98 to 6.80)	0.900	97.6	<0.001
Follow-up duration
>24	−4.43 (−8.61 to −0.25)	0.038	85.0	<0.001	<0.001
≤24	2.25 (−0.90 to 5.40)	0.162	82.7	<0.001
Baseline PWV
≥10.0	−2.75 (−6.19 to 0.70)	0.118	88.	<0.001	<0.001
<10.0	3.67 (0.11 to 7.23)	0.043	79.2	<0.001
Study quality
High	−0.14 (−6.27 to 6.00)	0.965	96.9	<0.001	<0.001
Low	1.24 (−2.06 to 4.54)	0.461	75.4	<0.001

ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker or inhibitor; CCB, calcium channel blocker; CI, confidence interval; PWV, pulse wave velocity; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WMD, weighted mean difference.