Development and Validation of a Nomogram Model for Predicting the Risk of Readmission in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction within 1 Year

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of the nonreadmission group and readmission group.

Variables	Nonreadmission group ()	Readmission group ()	value
Age (years)			<0.001
Gender (, %)			0.290
Male	321 (66.5%)	153 (70.5%)
Female	162 (33.5%)	64 (29.5%)
NYHA class, (n, %)			0.045
II	81 (16.8%)	22 (10.1%)
III	321 (66.5%)	149 (68.7%)
IV	81 (16.8%)	46 (21.2%)
BMI (kg/m^2)	21.26 (20.14,22.48)	21.03 (20.10,21.77)	<0.001
SBP (mmHg)			<0.001
<120	104 (21.5%)	91 (41.9%)
>140	99 (20.5%)	57 (26.3%)
120–140	280 (58.0%)	69 (31.8%)
DBP (mmHg)	75 (66,85)	72 (62.5,86)	0.059
>60	327 (67.7%)	131 (60.4%)
≤60	156 (32.3)	86 (39.6)
Heart rate (b.p.m.)	74 (63,88)	72 (59,89)	0.196
Smoking (, %)			0.115
No	332 (68.7%)	136 (62.7%)
Yes	151 (31.3%)	81 (37.3%)
Drinking (, %)			0.468
No	300 (62.1%)	141 (65%)
Yes	183 (37.9%)	76 (35%)
Comorbidities, (, %)
Hypertension	180 (37.3%)	92 (42.4%)	0.198
Diabetes	94 (19.5%)	91 (41.9%)	<0.001
Atrial fibrillation	60 (12.4%)	39 (18%)	0.051
Stroke	54 (11.2%)	35 (16.1%)	0.069
Coronary heart disease	158 (32.7%)	89 (41%)	0.034
Dyslipidemia	59 (12.2%)	24 (11.1%)	0.662
Myocardial infarction	79 (16.4%)	45 (20.7%)	0.16
COPD	21 (4.3%)	12 (5.5%)	0.495
Chronic kidney disease	15 (3.1%)	9 (4.1%)	0.484
Anemia	150 (31.1%)	84 (38.7%)	0.047
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	7 (5.45,10.35)	7.11 (5.425,10.33)	0.846
Serum creatinine (μmol/L)	91 (67,137)	90 (71,123)	0.566
eGFR (mL/min)	74.37 (45.24,95.32)	67.84 (47.4,86.79)	0.024
Hemoglobin (g/L)	130 (109,147)	132 (116,150)	0.057
Serum sodium (mmol/L)	139.37 (135.88,142.4)	140 (137.36,142.28)	0.145
Serum kalium (mmol/L)	4.05 (3.67,4.46)	4.1 (3.69,4.515)	0.199
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.19 (3.34,5.52)	4.24 (3.415,5.12)	0.311
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.56 (1.79,3.49)	2.57 (1.955,3.235)	0.859
Uric acid (μmol/L)	409 (336,537)	438 (342.5, 577.5)	0.048
NT-proBNP (pg/mL)	2338 (1020,5675)	3510 (1452,5868)	0.044
LVEF (%)	31 (28,35)	29 (25.5,33)	<0.001
LVEDd (mm)	72 (65,78)	73 (62,85)	0.134
Medication at admission (, %)
ACEI	71 (14.7%)	36 (16.6%)	0.52
ARB	110 (22.8%)	36 (16.6%)	0.063
ARNI	329 (68.1%)	83 (38.2%)	<0.001
Beta-blockers	408 (84.5%)	187 (86.2%)	0.559
Aldosterone receptor antagonist	434 (89.9%)	195 (89.9%)	0.998
Ivabradine	1 (0.2%)	2 (0.9%)	0.181
Diuretic	440 (91.1%)	200 (92.2%)	0.64
Digitalis	186 (38.5%)	91 (41.9%)	0.391
Device therapy (, %)
CRT-D	2 (0.4%)	3 (1.4%)	0.159
CRT-P	2 (0.4%)	2 (0.9%)	0.41
Pacemaker	11 (2.3%)	10 (4.6%)	0.095
ICD	2 (0.4%)	0 (0%)	0.342

BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NT-proBNP: N-terminal-pro brain natriuretic peptide; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDd: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; ARNI: angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors; CRT-D: CRT defibrillator; CRT-P: CRT pacemaker; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator.