Development and Validation of a Nomogram Model for Predicting the Risk of Readmission in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction within 1 Year

Table 3

Baseline characteristics of validation training sets.

Variables	Validation set ()	Training set ()	value
Age (years)			0.185
Gender (, %)			0.832
Male	141 (67.1%)	333 (68%)
Female	69 (32.9%)	157 (32%)
NYHA class (, %)			0.86
II	29 (13.8%)	74 (15.1%)
III	141 (67.1%)	329 (67.1%)
IV	40 (19%)	87 (17.8%)
BMI (kg/m^2)	21.26 (20.14,22.48)	21.03 (20.10,21.77)	0.449
SBP (mmHg)			0.053
<120	53 (25.2%)	142 (29.0%)
>140	38 (18.1%)	118 (24.1%)
120–140	119 (56.7%)	230 (46.9%)
DBP (mmHg)			0.652
>60	140 (66.7%)	318 (64.9%)
≤60	70 (33.3%)	172 (35.1%)
Heart rate (b.p.m.)	73 (62,88.25)	74 (62,88.25)	0.947
Smoking (, %)			0.063
No	151 (71.9%)	317 (64.7%)
Yes	59 (28.1%)	173 (35.3%)
Drinking (, %)			0.252
No	139 (66.2%)	302 (61.6%)
Yes	71 (33.8%)	188 (38.4%)
Comorbidities (, %)
Hypertension	70 (33.3%)	202 (41.2%)	0.050
Diabetes	56 (26.7%)	129 (26.3%)	0.925
Atrial fibrillation	27 (12.9%)	72 (14.7%)	0.523
Stroke	34 (16.2%)	55 (11.2%)	0.071
Coronary heart disease	76 (36.2%)	171 (34.9%)	0.743
Dyslipidemia	27 (12.9%)	56 (11.4%)	0.592
Myocardial infarction	37 (17.6%)	87 (17.8%)	0.966
COPD	10 (4.8%)	23 (4.7%)	0.969
Chronic kidney disease	5 (2.4%)	19 (3.9%)	0.319
Anemia	65 (31.0%)	169 (34.5%)	0.363
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	7.17 (5.3825,10.3275)	7.04 (5.445,10.345)	0.78
Serum creatinine (μmol/L)	92.5 (67.75,132)	89 (68,131)	0.597
eGFR (mL/min)	69.925 (44.2225,92.4325)	72.89 (47.2,92.92)	0.767
Hemoglobin (g/L)	130 (109,147)	132 (116,150)	0.906
Serum sodium (mmol/L)	140 (136,143)	140 (136.6,142.1)	0.841
Serum kalium (mmol/L)	4.04 (3.69,4.4325)	4.075 (3.67,4.48)	0.528
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.28 (3.365,5.3425)	4.2 (3.355,5.315)	0.79
LDL-C (mmol/L)	2.61 (1.8075,3.45)	2.535 (1.825,3.3525)	0.612
Uric acid (μmol/L)	429.5 (346.75,576.25)	413 (332.75,538)	0.084
NT-proBNP (pg/mL)	2433 (953.25,6142.25)	2799 (1180.5,5731.25)	0.524
LVEF (%)	31 (27,34)	31 (27,34)	0.893
LVEDd (mm)	73 (63.75,80)	71 (64,79)	0.628
Medication at admission (, %)
ACEI	28 (13.3%)	79 (16.1%)	0.168
ARB	49 (23.3%)	97 (19.8%)	0.291
ARNI	128 (61.0%)	284 (58.0%)	0.461
Beta-blockers	185 (88.1%)	410 (83.7%)	0.133
Aldosterone receptor antagonist	187 (89%)	442 (90.2%)	0.642
Ivabradine	1 (0.5%)	2 (0.4%)	0.9
Diuretic	195 (92.9%)	445 (90.8%)	0.377
Digitalis	85 (40.5%)	192 (39.2%)	0.749
Device therapy (, %)
CRT-D	3 (1.4%)	2 (0.4%)	0.142
CRT-P	1 (0.5%)	3 (0.6%)	0.827
Pacemaker	5 (2.4%)	16 (3.3%)	0.53
ICD	1 (0.5%)	1 (0.2%)	0.537

BMI: body mass index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; NT-proBNP: N-terminal-pro brain natriuretic peptide; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDd: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; ARNI: angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitors; CRT-D: CRT defibrillator; CRT-P: CRT pacemaker; ICD: implantable cardioverter defibrillator.