Living Alone, Loneliness, and Psychological Well-Being of Older Persons in Singapore

Table 3

Longitudinal analysis: living arrangement and loneliness on psychological well-being at followup.

Source of variation	Depressive symptoms scores at followup (𝑁=1841)					SF-12_MCS scores at followup (𝑁=1790)
	df	Mean square	F	𝑃	𝑅^2	df	Mean square	F	𝑃	𝑅^2
Base model:
Age	1	25.85	9.34	0.02		1	388.21	11.02	0.001
Gender (0 = male, 1 = female)	1	13.46	4.86	0.03		1	9.74	0.28	0.60
Race	1	0.44	0.16	0.69		1	1.25	0.04	0.85
Education	1	2.38	0.86	0.35		1	1.41	0.04	0.84
Marital status	1	4.40	1.59	0.21		1	9.08	0.26	0.61
Number of medical problems	1	35.39	12.78	<0.001		1	702.45	19.95	<0.001
Baseline GDS	1	788.88	284.87	<0.001
Baseline ADL	1	39.76	14.36	<0.001		1	340.17	99.66	0.002
Baseline MMSE	1	0.89	0.32	0.57		1	107.09	3.04	0.08
Social contact frequency score	1	8.40	3.03	0.08		1	121.46	3.45	0.06
Social activities score	1	21.10	7.62	0.01		1	447.60	12.71	<0.001
Production activities score	1	35.32	12.75	<0.001		1	156.46	4.44	0.04
Fitness activities score	1	4.70	1.70	0.19		1	0.06	0.02	0.97
Health activities score	1	8.74	3.16	0.08	0.220	1	169.03	4.80	0.03
Baseline SF-12_MCS well-being	—	—	—	—	—	1	4179.08	118.67	<0.001	0.140
Model 1a: plus living alone versus with others (1,0) only	1	5.30	1.91	0.17	0.220	1	130.54	3.71	0.05	0.143
Model 1b: plus Lonely versus not lonely (1,0) only	1	37.67	14.93	<0.001	0.223	1	578.94	17.14	<0.001	0.145
Model 2: plus living alone and loneliness (main effects)
Living alone versus with others (1,0)	1	4.63	1.84	0.18		1	65.10	1.93	0.17
Lonely versus not lonely (1,0)	1	35.07	13.91	<0.001	0.221	1	526.48	15.58	<0.001	0.146
Model 3: Main effects and interaction
Living alone versus with others (1,0)	1	8.56	3.40	0.07		1	152.81	4.53	0.03
Lonely versus not lonely (1,0)	1	32.57	12.92	<0.001		1	560.42	16.61	<0.001
Living arrangements*Loneliness	1	4.39	1.74	0.19	0.242	1	110.65	3.28	0.07	0.158