Research Article
Associations of Education Level and Bone Density Tests among Cognitively Intact Elderly White Women in Managed Medicare
Table 1
(a) Descriptive statistics by education level and logistic regression analysis. (b) percentage of bone density test and logistic regression analysis.
| (a) |
| | | Characteristic by education levela | | | Total | Less than high school | High school | More than high school | | Variable | () | () | () | () |
| | Age | | | | | | 65–74 | 57.2% | 48.7% | 56.8% | 62.1% | | 75+ | 42.8% | 51.3% | 43.2% | 37.9% | | Body mass index | | | | | | Not obese BMI 30 | 73.7% | 70.4% | 73.0% | 76.4% | | Obese BMI 30 | 26.3% | 29.6% | 27.0% | 23.6% | | Marital status | | | | | | Married | 46.6% | 38.8% | 48.4% | 48.4% | | Nonmarried | 53.4% | 61.2% | 51.6% | 51.6% | | Smoking status | | | | | | Every or some days | 9.0% | 11.6% | 9.1% | 7.4% | | Not at all | 91.0% | 88.4% | 90.9% | 92.6% | | Cohort | | | | | | 9 (2006) | 18.0% | 19.0% | 18.5% | 16.9% | | 10 (2007) | 24.6% | 24.6% | 18.5% | 24.3% | | 11 (2008) | 26.1% | 25.7% | 18.5% | 26.7% | | 12 (2009) | 31.3% | 30.6% | 18.5% | 32.1% | | Region | | | | | | New England | 5.0% | 5.5% | 5.1% | 4.6% | | New York | 10.9% | 13.5% | 10.7% | 9.9% | | Mid-Atlantic | 9.6% | 10.5% | 11.0% | 7.6% | | Southeast | 15.3% | 17.4% | 14.8% | 14.9% | | Great Lakes | 19.8% | 18.4% | 22.4% | 17.5% | | South Central | 7.8% | 8.9% | 7.3% | 7.8% | | Midwest | 6.8% | 6.4% | 7.2% | 6.7% | | Mountains and Plains | 4.0% | 2.6% | 3.5% | 5.3% | | Pacific Southwest | 11.5% | 10.1% | 9.9% | 14.0% | | Pacific Northwest | 9.2% | 6.8% | 8.1% | 11.8% |
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aall values 0.001.
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| (b) |
| | | Percentage of people having bone density testa | | | Total | Less than high school | High school | More than high school | | Variable | () | () | () | () |
| | All Subjects | 74.4% | 62.7% | 73.8% | 81.0% | | Age | | | | | | 65–74 | 76.9% | 64.6% | 75.9% | 83.0% | | 75+ | 71.0% | 60.8% | 71.1% | 77.8% | | Body mass index | | | | | | Not obese BMI 30 | 75.9% | 63.8% | 75.1% | 82.4% | | Obese BMI 30 | 70.3% | 60.0% | 70.5% | 76.5% | | Marital status | | | | | | Married | 78.0% | 66.0% | 77.1% | 84.0% | | Nonmarried | 71.2% | 60.6% | 70.8% | 78.2% | | Smoking status | | | | | | Every or some days | 64.2% | 55.1% | 64.1% | 71.5% | | Not at all | 75.4% | 63.7% | 74.8% | 81.8% | | Cohort | | | | | | 9 (2006) | 70.9% | 59.6% | 69.9% | 78.5% | | 10 (2007) | 73.3% | 61.5% | 73.2% | 79.5% | | 11 (2008) | 75.0% | 63.2% | 74.3% | 81.5% | | 12 (2009) | 76.8% | 65.0% | 76.3% | 83.0% | | Region | | | | | | New England | 80.8% | 71.5% | 80.5% | 86.8% | | New York | 76.6% | 66.9% | 76.5% | 83.3% | | Mid-Atlantic | 71.5% | 57.4% | 71.1% | 82.1% | | Southeast | 76.5% | 64.9% | 76.9% | 83.0% | | Great Lakes | 73.7% | 61.6% | 73.1% | 81.1% | | South Central | 73.6% | 61.7% | 73.4% | 80.6% | | Midwest | 75.8% | 61.9% | 75.1% | 83.4% | | Mountains and Plains | 73.5% | 59.3% | 70.8% | 79.0% | | Pacific Southwest | 71.9% | 59.4% | 70.8% | 77.4% | | Pacific Northwest | 72.6% | 60.4% | 70.6% | 77.7% |
| | | Logistic regression analysis | | | Univariable | Multivariableb | | Variable | OR (99% CI) | OR (99% CI) |
| | Education level | | | | | | HS = 1 versus less HS = 0 | 1.68 (1.63, 1.73) | 1.61 (1.56, 1.66) | | More HS = 1 versus Less HS = 0 | 2.54 (2.46, 2.63) | 2.39 (2.31, 2.47) | | Age | | | | | | 65–74 versus 75+ | 1.36 (1.33, 1.40) | 1.32 (1.28, 1.35) | | Body mass index | | | | | | BMI 30 versus BMI 30 | 1.33 (1.29, 1.36) | 1.39 (1.35, 1.43) | | Marital status | | | | | | Married versus nonmarried | 1.43 (1.40, 1.47) | 1.28 (1.24, 1.31) | | Smoking status | | | | | | No versus yes | 1.72 (1.78, 1.64) | 1.75 (1.82, 1.67) | | Cohort (reference = cohort 9) | | | | | | Cohort 10 versus cohort 9 | 1.13 (1.09, 1.17) | 1.13 (1.09, 1.17) | | Cohort 11 versus cohort 9 | 1.23 (1.19, 1.28) | 1.24 (1.19, 1.29) | | Cohort 12 versus cohort 9 | 1.36 (1.31, 1.41) | 1.35 (1.30, 1.40) |
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aAll values < 0.001.
bMultivariable model including education, age, body mass index, marital status, smoking status, cohort, and region.
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