The Prediction of ADL and IADL Disability Using Six Physical Indicators of Frailty: A Longitudinal Study in the Netherlands
Table 2
Characteristics of respondents (2007/2008, ; 2008/2009, )1.
Characteristic
Dropouts 2007/2008 (%)
() 2007/2008 (%)
() 2008/2009 (%)
Sociodemographic characteristics
Age, mean ± SD
80.6 ± 4.4
79.4 ± 3.6
80.4 ± 3.6
Sex, % of women
133 (55.2)
134 (53.6)
134 (53.6)
Marital status
Married or cohabiting
129 (53.5)
137 (54.8)
130 (52.0)
Not married
18 (7.5)
19 (7.6)
19 (7.6)
Divorced
7 (2.9)
7 (2.8)
7 (2.8)
Widowed
87 (36.1)
87 (34.8)
94 (37.6)
Ethnicity
Dutch
228 (94.6)
243 (98.0)
242 (98.0)
Other
13 (5.4)
5 (2.0)
5 (2.0)
Education
None or primary
124 (54.4)
115 (47.1)
115 (46.6)
Secondary
71 (31.1)
80 (32.8)
85 (34.4)
Higher
33 (14.5)
49 (20.1)
47 (19.0)
Missing values
13
6
3
Monthly income*
600 or less
2 (1.0)
1 (0.4)
3 (1.4)
601–900
9 (4.6)
10 (4.4)
10 (4.5)
901–1200
51 (26.2)
45 (19.8)
46 (20.9)
1201–1500
44 (22.6)
59 (26.0)
50 (22.7)
1501–1800
35 (17.9)
32 (14.1)
33 (15.0)
1801–2100
24 (12.3)
25 (11.0)
28 (12.7)
2101 or more
30 (15.4)
55 (24.2)
50 (22.7)
Missing values
46
23
30
Self-perceived lifestyle
Very healthy
27 (11.2)
35 (14.1)
47 (19.0)
Healthy
186 (77.2)
195 (78.3)
184 (74.5)
Not healthy, not unhealthy
19 (7.9)
13 (5.2)
10 (4.0)
Unhealthy
9 (3.7)
6 (2.4)
5 (2.0)
Very unhealthy
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (0.4)
Chronic diseases, mean ± SD
1.4 ± 1.2
1.3 ± 1.1
1.4 ± 1.1
COPD
38 (15.8)
37 (14.8)
40 (16.0)
Cardiac disease
39 (16.2)
50 (20.0)
53 (21.2)
Diabetes mellitus
48 (19.9)
44 (17.6)
51 (20.4)
Cerebrovascular accidents
15 (6.2)
13 (5.2)
13 (5.2)
Peripheral arterial disease
40 (16.6)
33 (13.2)
34 (13.6)
Cancer
22 (9.1)
18 (7.2)
22 (8.8)
RA or osteoarthritis
138 (57.3)
138 (55.2)
149 (59.6)
Physical indicators of frailty
Body Mass Index, kg/m2, mean ± SD
26.0 ± 3.9
26.5 ± 4.1
26.5 ± 4.0
Gait speed, sec, mean ± SD
15.1 ± 9.1
13.7 ± 6.6
13.7 ± 8.7
Physical activity, min/day, mean ± SD
100.5 ± 78.7
116.0 ± 84.0
133.0 ± 95.0
Hand grip strength, PKa, mean ± SD
69.3 ± 21.4
73.1 ± 19.4
66.6 ± 20.8
Fatigue, mean ± SD
6.6 ± 2.7
6.4 ± 2.6
6.3 ± 2.6
Poor balance
125 (53.9)
107 (44.6)
106 (42.4)
Disability
28.7 ± 9.2
26.2 ± 8.8
27.9 ± 9.9
ADL disability
15.3 ± 4.7
14.4 ± 4.7
15.3 ± 5.2
IADL disability
13.4 ± 5.4
11.8 ± 4.9
12.5 ± 5.5
MMSE, mean ± SD
27.0 ± 3.6
28.0 ± 2.1
27.8 ± 2.3
<24 (range 0–30)
29 (12.2)
10 (4.0)
10 (4.1)
Sec: seconds; PKa: Kilopascal; SD: standard deviation; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; RA: rheumatoid arthritis; MMSE: Mini Mental State Examination. 46 cases were missing (dropouts 2007/2008); 23 cases were missing (2007/2008); 30 cases were missing (2008/2009). There were occasional missing values on many variables. Only for education and income was the number of missing values larger than ten (>4%) on at least one occasion. Only for these variables we included a count of the number of missing values in the table.
