Physical Activity during Winter in Old-Old Women Associated with Physical Performance after One Year: A Prospective Study

Table 2

Change of the physical performance between baseline and 1-year follow-up.

Measure	Group	Baseline	1-year follow-up	Post hoc test	Time effect		Time × group interaction
				p	F^a	p	F^a	p
Age (years)	Maintenance ()	78.4 ± 3.2
	Declining ()	78.3 ± 2.6
BMI (kg/m^2)	Maintenance ()	23.0 ± 3.1	22.8 ± 3.1	0.18	6.57	0.01	0.65	0.42
	Declining ()	23.2 ± 3.3	22.7 ± 3.8	0.04
Grip strength (kg)	Maintenance ()	22.8 ± 4.4	22.1 ± 4.3	0.53	4.01	0.05	1.24	0.27
	Declining ()	22.7 ± 3.8	21.5 ± 4.6	0.02
Knee extensor strength (Nm/kg)	Maintenance ()	1.02 ± 0.28	1.17 ± 0.29	0.0001	18.27	0.0001	1.45	0.24
	Declining ()	0.98 ± 0.28	1.09 ± 0.31	0.11
Total length of center of gravity with eyes open (cm)	Maintenance ()	66.7 ± 11.3	63.8 ± 9.2	0.02	13.81	0.0005	0.44	0.51
	Declining ()	64.3 ± 10.7	60.3 ± 12.2	0.01
Hip walking distance (cm)	Maintenance ()	78.7 ± 26.0	78.3 ± 28.8	0.59	0.00	0.97	0.36	0.55
	Declining ()	70.7 ± 21.8	72.3 ± 23.7	0.75
Maximum walking speed (m/s)	Maintenance ()	1.71 ± 0.28	1.75 ± 0.26	0.01	0.82	0.37	5.23	0.03
	Declining ()	1.74 ± 0.33	1.71 ± 0.32	0.44

Mean ± SD.
^aRepeated measures ANOVA.