Research Article
Physical Activity during Winter in Old-Old Women Associated with Physical Performance after One Year: A Prospective Study
Table 2
Change of the physical performance between baseline and 1-year follow-up.
| Measure | Group | Baseline | 1-year follow-up | Post hoc test | Time effect | Time × group interaction | p | Fa | p | Fa | p |
| Age (years) | Maintenance () | 78.4 ± 3.2 | | | | | | | Declining () | 78.3 ± 2.6 | | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | Maintenance () | 23.0 ± 3.1 | 22.8 ± 3.1 | 0.18 | 6.57 | 0.01 |
0.65 | 0.42 | Declining () | 23.2 ± 3.3 | 22.7 ± 3.8 | 0.04 |
| Grip strength (kg) | Maintenance () | 22.8 ± 4.4 | 22.1 ± 4.3 | 0.53 | 4.01 | 0.05 |
1.24 | 0.27 | Declining () | 22.7 ± 3.8 | 21.5 ± 4.6 | 0.02 |
| Knee extensor strength (Nm/kg) | Maintenance () | 1.02 ± 0.28 | 1.17 ± 0.29 | 0.0001 | 18.27 | 0.0001 |
1.45 | 0.24 | Declining () | 0.98 ± 0.28 | 1.09 ± 0.31 | 0.11 |
| Total length of center of gravity with eyes open (cm) | Maintenance () | 66.7 ± 11.3 | 63.8 ± 9.2 | 0.02 | 13.81 | 0.0005 |
0.44 | 0.51 | Declining () | 64.3 ± 10.7 | 60.3 ± 12.2 | 0.01 |
| Hip walking distance (cm) | Maintenance () | 78.7 ± 26.0 | 78.3 ± 28.8 | 0.59 | 0.00 | 0.97 |
0.36 | 0.55 | Declining () | 70.7 ± 21.8 | 72.3 ± 23.7 | 0.75 |
| Maximum walking speed (m/s) | Maintenance () | 1.71 ± 0.28 | 1.75 ± 0.26 | 0.01 | 0.82 | 0.37 |
5.23 | 0.03 | Declining () | 1.74 ± 0.33 | 1.71 ± 0.32 | 0.44 |
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Mean ± SD. aRepeated measures ANOVA.
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