Development and Evaluation of an Online Fall-Risk Questionnaire for Nonfrail Community-Dwelling Elderly Persons: A Pilot Study

Table 2

Predictors. Predictors found in review of reviews and odds ratios from an existing self-administered fall-risk questionnaire (multivariable odds ratios) and our questionnaire (univariable odds ratio).

Variable	studies	patients	Odds ratio	(95% CI)	Log of the odds ratio	Heterogeneity ()	Meta-analysis	OR El Miedany (FRAS)	OR Obrist
Age (per 5-year increase)	8		1.11	(1.05–1.17)	0.10		Deandrea et al., 2010 [5]	1.02 (1.01 to 1.04)	1.69 (1.14 to 2.53)
Living alone	12	5419	1.16	(1.02–1.32)	0.15	< 25%	Bloch et al., 2010 [40]
Taking drugs (yes/no)	5	508	4.24	(3.06–5.88)	1.45	16%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]		2.68 (1.02 to 7.02)
Laxatives	7	7 611	2.03	(1.52–2.72)	0.71	0%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Psychotropic drugs	32	43 552	1.74	(1.56–1.95)	0.55	0%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Polymedication	29	25 098	1.71	(1.50–1.96)	0.54	38%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]		3.04 (1.18 to 7.89)
Benzodiazepines	26	54 919	1.61	(1.35–1.93)	0.48	0%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Antidepressants	46	19 988	1.59	(1.43–1.75)	0.46	21%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Antiepileptics	9	34 021	1.56	(1.28–1.90)	0.45	22%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Antiparkinsonians	13	21 899	1.55	(1.21–1.97)	0.44	42%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Hypnotics	36	4 453	1.53	(1.40–1.68)	0.43	44%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Digoxins	11	8 587	1.48	(1.11–1.99)	0.39	17%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Narcotics	7	22 973	1.43	(1.27–1.61)	0.36	39%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Tranquilizers	12	12 391	1.42	(1.21–1.67)	0.35	47%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Metabolic and endocrine medicines	11	38 846	1.39	(1.20–1.62)	0.33	0%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Antipsychotics	23	29 584	1.37	(1.16–1.61)	0.32	15%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Analgesics	11	9 869	1.33	(1.07–1.65)	0.29	0%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Anti-inflammatory	18	22 209	1.25	(1.11–1.42)	0.22	31%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
ACE inhibitor	6	66 696	1.21	(1.15–1.28)	0.19	39%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Vasodilators	17	7 212	1.12	(1.04–1.21)	0.11	71%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Antihypertensives	25	81 908	1.1	(1.05–1.16)	0.10	25%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Cardiovascular medicines	23	88 467	0.78	(0.67–0.90)		80%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Fall history	39	25 808	3.86	(3.42–4.37)	1.35	58%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]	1.5 (0.8 to 2.7)	2.1 (0.78 to 5.69)
Fear of falling	13	22 809	2.4	(2.07–2.77)	0.88	48%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]		1.35 (0.37 to 4.99)
Digestive disease	8	10 649	2.2	(1.65–2.93)	0.79	0%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Sensory disorder	9	3 125	2.2	(1.56–3.11)	0.79	38%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]		1.54 (0.48 to 5.03)
Parkinson’s disease	29	39 477	2.19	(1.68–2.84)	0.78	50%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Neurological disease	17	20 281	2.18	(1.69–2.82)	0.78	0%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]		2.28 (0 to 11.45)
Disorientation	8	8 648	2.16	(1.68–2.78)	0.77	0%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Low body mass index	12	15 396	2.05	(1.70–2.48)	0.72	0%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]		4.5 (0.27 to 73.83)
Impaired cognition/dementia	35	59 363	1.96	(1.80–2.14)	0.67	88%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Fracture history	11	1612	1.89	(1.53–2.34)	0.64	51%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]		Not estimable
Urinary incontinence	34	59 458	1.73	(1.60–1.88)	0.55	49%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]		2.23 (0 to 17.89)
Self-perceived state problem	18	19 015	1.73	(1.48–2.02)	0.55	56%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Depression	39	67 858	1.64	(1.52–1.76)	0.50	40%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]		2.38 (0 to 19.27)
Urinary functional sign	4	1 826	1.64	(1.16–2.33)	0.50	19%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Closely vision impairment	7	13 418	1.62	(1.48–1.78)	0.48	0%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Cardiac and vascular problems	14	24 367	1.6	(1.45–1.75)	0.47	0%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]		1.98 (0.82 to 4.76)
Vision impairment	39	38 671	1.49	(1.39–1.59)	0.40	47%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]	2.8 (1.1 to 7.6)	3.07 (0.58 to 16.43)
Anemia	5	502	1.47	(1.15–1.88)	0.39	0%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Stroke	49	54 336	1.44	(1.34–1.56)	0.37	20%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Cardiac rhythm disorder	9	3 402	1.42	(1.14–1.75)	0.35	0%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Hearing impairment	17	21 878	1.37	(1.27–1.48)	0.32	11%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]		1.3 (0.53 to 3.18)
Ophthalmic disease	16	31 443	1.29	(1.18–1.40)	0.26	24%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Altered general health state	9	13 786	1.28	(1.15–1.43)	0.25	34%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
High blood pressure	35	45 115	1.28	(1.19–1.37)	0.25	42%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]		2.09 (0.81 to 5.43)
Diabetes	40	61 028	1.27	(1.19–1.36)	0.24	11%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]		1.47 (0 to 10.9)
Behavioral disorder	16	35 858	1.27	(1.14–1.42)	0.24	0.25	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Postural hypotension	20	11 939	1.27	(1.09–1.47)	0.24	9%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]		1.18 (0.44 to 3.22)
Arthrosis/osteoarthritis	37	5 284	1.24	(1.20–1.28)	0.22	88%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]		0.76 (0.3 to 1.94)
Low cognitive score	22	1 754	1.22	(1.12–1.32)	0.20	46%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Cancer	10	26 642	1.22	(1.09–1.35)	0.20	44%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Abnormal walking test	11	14 677	3.34	(2.36–4.72)	1.21	0%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Wandering	3	8 896	2.82	(2.30–3.46)	1.04	0%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Muscular weakness	11	12 705	2.66	(2.12–3.33)	0.98	66%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]	2.1 (1.1 to 4.4)	4.5 (0.27 to 74.51)
Slow walking speed	8	3 358	2.56	(1.96–3.33)	0.94	0%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]	5.0 (2.0 to 12.0)	Not estimable
Walking problem	29	20 309	2.48	(2.24–2.75)	0.91	78%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Unable to get up from a chair	10	9 973	2.44	(1.92–3.09)	0.89	78%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Unsteady turning	6	1 274	2.39	(1.50–3.79)	0.87	77%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Self-perceived balance problem	4	3 118	2.36	(1.83–3.03)	0.86	28%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]	3.5 (1.5 to 7.5)	1.84 (0.66 to 5.17)
Abnormal Tinetti test score	9	3 749	2.35	(1.63–3.40)	0.85	77%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Abnormal balance test	16	7 814	2.26	(1.79–2.85)	0.82	78%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Reduction of step length	9	1565	2.12	(1.46–3.08)	0.75	76%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Balance problem	14	4 318	2.1	(1.72–2.55)	0.74	90%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Lower extremity disability	19	8 691	1.89	(1.65–2.17)	0.64	78%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Lower grip strength	7	5 923	1.78	(1.44–2.21)	0.58	47%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Reduced mobility	11	24 526	1.58	(1.44–1.74)	0.46	0%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]		1.18 (0.47 to 2.97)
Feet problems	18	15 014	1.5	(1.23–1.82)	0.41	54%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Dizziness	20	22 142	1.36	(1.13–1.63)	0.31	12%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]		1.71 (0.69 to 4.24)
Limited activity	13	16 198	1.32	(1.01–1.72)	0.28	0%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Physical activity	26	8 981	0.79	(0.71–0.88)		50%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Walking aid	36	54 336	2.1	(1.90–2.32)	0.74	61%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]		9.39 (1.17 to 0)
Nonadapted shoes	5	1 671	1.97	(1.48–2.62)	0.68	83%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]
Obstacle on the ground	6	7 522	1.73	(1.55–1.93)	0.55	24%	Bloch et al., 2013 [4]		1.54 (0.48 to 5.03)
Disturbance of one or more ADL	13	17206	2.28	(2.10–2.48)	0.82	58%	Bloch et al., 2010 [40]		Not estimable
Frequent toileting	1	533	1.92	(1.12–3.27)	0.62	—	Sherrington et al., 2010 [41]		1.26 (0.47 to 3.34)
Pain	14	17926	1.56	(1.36–1.79	0.44	52%	Stubbs et al., 2014 [42]		1.61 (0.63 to 4.08)
Dual task	21		1.33	(1.18–1.50)	0.29	89%	Chu et al., 2013 [43]		Not estimable

Empty cells indicate that the values were not reported in the meta-analyses. Italic indicates variables that were not assessed with our questionnaire.