Development and Evaluation of an Online Fall-Risk Questionnaire for Nonfrail Community-Dwelling Elderly Persons: A Pilot Study

Table 3

Distribution of risk factors. Distribution of risk factors for all participants, for the nonfallers, and for the fallers. All responses are self-reported values and not observed or measured values.

Variables	All		Non fallers during 6 months of follow-up		Fallers during 6 months of follow-up		Risk ratio (95% CI)
	responders	(%) if not stated otherwise	responders	(%) if not stated otherwise	responders	(%) if not stated otherwise
Age	134	69.28 (5.59)		68.65 (5.4)		72 (5.66)
Body mass index	134	25.95 (4.04)		25.85 (4)		26.4 (4.25)
Women	134	60 (45%)	109	49 (45%)	25	11 (44%)	0.97 (0.47 to 1.98)
Obese persons (BMI ≥ 30)	134	18 (13%)	109	15 (14%)	25	3 (12%)	0.88 (0.29 to 2.64)
BMI < 18.5	134	2 (1%)	109	1 (1%)	25	1 (4%)	2.75 (0.66 to 11.52)
Fallen during last 12 months	134	2 (1%)	109	1 (1%)	25	1 (4%)	2.75 (0.66 to 11.52)
Emergency room visit after fall in last 12 months	134	24 (18%)	109	17 (16%)	25	7 (28%)	1.78 (0.84 to 3.79)
Fracture after fall during last 12 months	134	2 (1%)	109	1 (1%)	25	1 (4%)	2.75 (0.66 to 11.52)
Commotio after fall during last 12 months	134	1 (1%)	109	0 (0%)	25	1 (4%)	5.54 (3.86 to 7.96)
Fear of falls after fall during last 12 months	134	1 (1%)	109	0 (0%)	25	1 (4%)	5.54 (3.86 to 7.96)
Resting more than half an hour on floor after fall in last 12 months	134	4 (3%)	109	2 (2%)	25	2 (8%)	2.83 (0.99 to 8.06)
Needing help for activities of daily living	134	0 (0%)	109	0 (0%)	25	0 (0%)	0 (0 to 0)
Using walking aids	134	1 (1%)	109	0 (0%)	25	1 (4%)	5.54 (3.86 to 7.96)
Walking slower or making more breaks	134	3 (2%)	109	1 (1%)	25	2 (8%)	3.8 (1.57 to 9.17)
Problems crossing road at traffic light during green phase	134	1 (1%)	109	1 (1%)	25	0 (0%)	0 (0 to 0)
Stumbling at least once per months	134	0 (0%)	109	0 (0%)	25	0 (0%)	0 (0 to 0)
Unsecure if walking in darkness	134	2 (1%)	109	0 (0%)	25	2 (8%)	5.74 (3.96 to 8.32)
Unsecure even if walking in daylight	134	3 (2%)	109	1 (1%)	25	2 (8%)	3.8 (1.57 to 9.17)
Vision problems	134	1 (1%)	109	0 (0%)	25	1 (4%)	5.54 (3.86 to 7.96)
Seeing good without glasses	134	5 (4%)	109	3 (3%)	25	2 (8%)	2.24 (0.72 to 6.98)
Seeing good with glasses	134	25 (19%)	109	24 (22%)	25	1 (4%)	0.18 (0.03 to 1.28)
Does not see good with glasses	134	106 (79%)	109	84 (77%)	25	22 (88%)	1.94 (0.62 to 6.01)
Hearing problem	134	4 (3%)	109	2 (2%)	25	2 (8%)	2.83 (0.99 to 8.06)
Hearing problem but wearing hearing aid	134	42 (31%)	109	33 (30%)	25	9 (36%)	1.23 (0.59 to 2.56)
Taking sedative	134	5 (4%)	109	4 (4%)	25	1 (4%)	1.08 (0.18 to 6.44)
Taking blood pressure decreasing medication	134	2 (1%)	109	0 (0%)	25	2 (8%)	5.74 (3.96 to 8.32)
Taking antiepileptics	134	47 (35%)	109	34 (31%)	25	13 (52%)	2.01 (1 to 4.04)
Taking antidepressants	134	2 (1%)	109	2 (2%)	25	0 (0%)	0 (0 to 0)
Other medicaments	134	3 (2%)	109	1 (1%)	25	2 (8%)	3.8 (1.57 to 9.17)
More than one medicament	134	51 (38%)	109	39 (36%)	25	12 (48%)	1.5 (0.74 to 3.03)
Taking at least one medicament	134	26 (19%)	109	17 (16%)	25	9 (36%)	2.34 (1.17 to 4.68)
Low spirit at more than half of all days	134	3 (2%)	109	1 (1%)	25	2 (8%)	3.8 (1.57 to 9.17)
Low spirit at some days	134	51 (38%)	109	39 (36%)	25	12 (48%)	1.5 (0.74 to 3.03)
No disease	134	26 (19%)	109	17 (16%)	25	9 (36%)	2.34 (1.17 to 4.68)
Parkinson	134	78 (58%)	109	59 (54%)	25	19 (76%)	2.27 (0.97 to 5.33)
Stroke	118	3 (3%)	97	2 (2%)	21	1 (5%)	1.92 (0.37 to 9.97)
Epilepsy	134	37 (28%)	109	27 (25%)	25	10 (40%)	1.75 (0.86 to 3.54)
Diabetes	134	40 (30%)	109	35 (32%)	25	5 (20%)	0.59 (0.24 to 1.46)
Incontinence	134	1 (1%)	109	0 (0%)	25	1 (4%)	5.54 (3.86 to 7.96)
Osteoarthritis	134	4 (3%)	109	3 (3%)	25	1 (4%)	1.35 (0.24 to 7.68)
Rheumatic disease (including osteoarthritis)	134	2 (1%)	109	2 (2%)	25	0 (0%)	0 (0 to 0)
Multiple sclerosis	134	4 (3%)	109	3 (3%)	25	1 (4%)	1.35 (0.24 to 7.68)
Neurologic disease	134	3 (2%)	109	2 (2%)	25	1 (4%)	1.82 (0.35 to 9.39)
High blood pressure	134	39 (29%)	109	32 (29%)	25	7 (28%)	0.95 (0.43 to 2.09)
Fainting	134	44 (33%)	109	37 (34%)	25	7 (28%)	0.8 (0.36 to 1.76)
Leg pain during walking	134	0 (0%)	109	0 (0%)	25	0 (0%)	0 (0 to 0)
Dyspnea	134	6 (5%)	109	4 (4%)	25	2 (8%)	1.86 (0.56 to 6.1)
Heart symptoms	134	28 (21%)	109	20 (18%)	25	8 (32%)	1.78 (0.86 to 3.7)
Dizziness	134	29 (22%)	109	23 (21%)	25	6 (24%)	1.14 (0.5 to 2.6)
Wanted weight loss	118	54 (46%)	97	43 (44%)	21	11 (52%)	1.3 (0.6 to 2.83)
Unwanted weight loss	116	31 (27%)	97	24 (25%)	19	7 (37%)	1.6 (0.69 to 3.69)
Difficulties getting up from a chair	134	42 (31%)	109	31 (28%)	25	11 (44%)	1.72 (0.85 to 3.47)
Self-perceived balance problem	134	36 (27%)	109	27 (25%)	25	9 (36%)	1.53 (0.74 to 3.15)
Back pain	134	36 (27%)	109	27 (25%)	25	9 (36%)	1.53 (0.74 to 3.15)
Hip pain	129	9 (7%)	106	7 (7%)	23	2 (9%)	1.27 (0.35 to 4.58)
Knee pain	134	4 (3%)	109	2 (2%)	25	2 (8%)	2.83 (0.99 to 8.06)
Foot pain	134	3 (2%)	109	1 (1%)	25	2 (8%)	3.8 (1.57 to 9.17)
Pain yes/no	134	22 (16%)	109	16 (15%)	25	6 (24%)	1.61 (0.73 to 3.56)
Limited ROM hip	134	22 (16%)	109	16 (15%)	25	6 (24%)	1.61 (0.73 to 3.56)
Limited ROM knee	134	44 (33%)	109	35 (32%)	25	9 (36%)	1.15 (0.55 to 2.39)
Limited ROM ankle	134	20 (15%)	109	18 (17%)	25	2 (8%)	0.5 (0.13 to 1.94)
Any ROM limitation	134	37 (28%)	109	31 (28%)	25	6 (24%)	0.83 (0.36 to 1.91)
Need to get up during night	134	37 (28%)	109	31 (28%)	25	6 (24%)	0.83 (0.36 to 1.91)
Sensory deficit in lower extremity	134	21 (16%)	109	17 (16%)	25	4 (16%)	1.02 (0.39 to 2.68)
Fear of falls	134	85 (63%)	109	67 (62%)	25	18 (72%)	1.48 (0.67 to 3.3)
Low standing confidence	134	16 (12%)	109	12 (11%)	25	4 (16%)	1.4 (0.55 to 3.57)
Perceived dual task problems	134	24 (18%)	109	20 (18%)	25	4 (16%)	0.87 (0.33 to 2.31)
Cables on the floor at home	134	5 (4%)	109	5 (5%)	25	0 (0%)	0 (0 to 0)
Loose carpets at home	134	39 (29%)	109	31 (28%)	25	8 (32%)	1.15 (0.54 to 2.43)
Objects on the floor	134	97 (72%)	109	78 (72%)	25	19 (76%)	1.21 (0.52 to 2.79)
Objects on the stairs	134	16 (12%)	109	12 (11%)	25	4 (16%)	1.4 (0.55 to 3.57)
Thresholds in doors	134	13 (10%)	109	10 (9%)	25	3 (12%)	1.27 (0.44 to 3.67)
No bath mat	134	22 (16%)	109	16 (15%)	25	6 (24%)	1.61 (0.73 to 3.56)
Any home hazard	134	1 (1%)	109	0 (0%)	25	1 (4%)	5.54 (3.86 to 7.96)
Weak legs	134	24 (18%)	109	19 (17%)	25	5 (20%)	1.15 (0.48 to 2.75)