Identification of Neuroprotective Factors Associated with Successful Ageing and Risk of Cognitive Impairment among Malaysia Older Adults

Table 2

Sociodemographic characteristics.

Parameter	SA; ()	UA; ()	MCI; ()	Total; ()
Age^a	67.99 ± 5.52	68.00 ± 5.57	68.14 ± 5.64	68.04 ± 5.56	>0.05
Ethnic
Malay	61 (33.2)	61 (33.2)	62 (33.7)	184 (61.3)	>0.05
Chinese	36 (33.6)	36 (33.6)	35 (32.7)	107 (35.7)
Indian	3 (33.3)	3 (33.3)	3 (33.3)	9 (3.0)
Marriage status
Single/widow/widower/divorced	17 (17.0)	19 (19.0)	25 (25.0)	61 (20.3)	>0.05
Married	83 (83.0)	81 (81.0)	75 (75.0)	239 (79.7)
Educational year
≤6 years	44 (44.0)	78 (78.0)	81 (81.0)	203 (67.7)	<0.001
>6 years	56 (56.0)	22 (22.0)	19 (19.0)	97 (32.3)
Smoking habit
Smoking	20 (20.0)	20 (20.0)	26 (26.0)	66 (22.0)	>0.05
Past or nonsmokers	80 (80.0)	80 (80.0)	74 (74.0)	234 (78.0)
Cognitive measures^a
MMSE	26.34 ± 0.22	23.24 ± 0.40	22.18 ± 0.48		<0.00
Digit Span	13.88 ± 0.34	11.96 ± 0.37	10.72 ± 0.39		<0.00
RAVLT	8.82 ± 0.29	7.28 ± 0.30	1.68 ± 0.13		<0.00
Physical function^a
ADL	14.00 ± 0.00	12.42 ± 0.25	12.17 ± 0.17		<0.00
Depressive symptoms^a
GDS	1.98 ± 0.14	2.07 ± 0.13	1.76 ± 0.13		>0.05
Vitamin D intake	0.33 ± 0.77	0.25 ± 0.21	0.13 ± 0.33		<0.05

SA: successful ageing; UA: usual ageing; MCI: mild cognitive impairment; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; ADL: activities of daily living; GDS: Geriatric Depression Scale. Chi-squared test, significant at . ne-way ANOVA (mean ± standard deviation). ignificant at between SA and MCI. ignificant at between SA, UA, and MCI. ignificant at between SA and UA, SA, and MCI.