| | Characteristics | Crude prevalence | OR (95% CI) |
| | Age groups (years), % | | | | 60–69 | 17.8 (14.0, 22.2) | 1.00 | | 70–79 | 20.5 (16.5, 25.3) | 1.17 (1.15, 1.19) | | ≥80 | 24.1 (18.7, 30.5) | 1.37 (1.35, 1.40) | | Race, % | | | | Indigenous | 19.0 (11.6, 29.7) | 0.69 (0.68, 0.71) | | Black | 42.4 (24.4, 62.7) | 2.19 (2.12, 2.27) | | Mestizo | 17.8 (14.9, 21.1) | 0.66 (0.64, 0.67) | | Mulatto | 24.5 (11.5, 44.6) | 0.91 (0.87, 0.94) | | White | 25.3 (18.3, 33.8) | 1.00 | | Area of residency, % | | | | Urban Andes Mountains | 18.4 (14.3, 23.4) | 1.58 (1.54, 1.62) | | Urban coast | 22.5 (18.3, 27.3) | 1.94 (1.89, 1.99) | | Rural Andes Mountains | 20.8 (15.0, 28.1) | 1.67 (1.63, 1.72) | | Rural coast | 14.2 (9.1, 21.6) | 1.00 | | Literacy, % | | | | Yes | 19.5 (16.6, 22.7) | 1.00 | | No | 20.8 (16.2, 26.2) | 1.09 (1.08, 1.11) | | Smoking, % | | | | Current | 32.8 (16.7, 54.2) | 1.80 (1.75, 1.86) | | Former | 19.6 (13.4, 27.8) | 0.99 (0.97, 1.01) | | Never | 19.5 (16.7, 22.5) | 1.00 | | BMI (kg/m2), % | | | | Underweight | 34.5 (19.1, 54.1) | 2.41 (2.31, 2.51) | | Normal | 28.5 (23.0, 34.6) | 2.14 (2.10, 2.18) | | Overweight | 14.9 (11.5, 19.0) | 0.96 (0.94, 0.98) | | Obesity | 16.1 (12.2, 21.0) | 1.00 | | Self-reported health, % | | | | Excellent to good | 13.1 (9.1, 18.4) | 1.00 | | Fair to poor | 21.8 (18.8, 25.1) | 1.97 (1.93, 2.00) | | ADL’s limitations, % | | | | Yes | 24.0 (19.2, 29.6) | 1.43 (1.41, 1.45) | | No | 18.3 (15.4, 21.5) | 1.00 | | Cognitive impairment, % | | | | Yes | 24.3 (18.1, 31.7) | 1.44 (1.42, 1.47) | | No | 18.4 (15.6, 21.5) | 1.00 | | Diabetes | | | | Yes | 22.6 (16.9, 29.4) | 1.25 (1.24, 1.27) | | No | 19.3 (16.5, 22.4) | 1.00 | | Cancer, % | | | | Yes | 21.0 (10.7, 37.0) | 1.15 (1.13, 1.19) | | No | 20.0 (18.1, 23.7) | 1.00 | | COPD, % | | | | Yes | 13.0 (6.0, 26.1) | 0.54 (0.52, 0.55) | | No | 20.7 (18.1, 23.7) | 1.00 | | Heart disease, % | | | | Yes | 22.9 (15.5, 32.5) | 1.27 (1.25, 1.29) | | No | 19.4 (16.8, 22.2) | 1.00 | | Arthritis, % | | | | Yes | 22.3 (18.1, 27.2) | 1.52 (1.50, 1.54) | | No | 18.4 (15.3, 21.8) | 1.00 | | CRP (mg/L), % | | | | <5 | 17.5 (14.7, 20.7) | 1.00 | | ≥5 | 26.8 (21.4, 33.0) | 1.69 (1.67, 1.72) | | Creatinine clearance, % | | | | ≥30 mL/min | 19.0 (16.4, 21.8) | 1.00 | | <30 mL/min | 57.2 (36.7, 75.5) | 4.44 (4.30, 4.59) | | Albumin (g/dL), % | | | | ≥3.5 | 19.0 (16.5, 21.8) | 1.00 | | <3.5 | 56.0 (23.2, 84.3) | 5.01 (4.85, 5.18) | | Vitamin B12 (ng/mL), % | | | | ≥200 | 20.1 (17.4, 23.0) | 1.00 | | <200 | 18.4 (11.4, 28.2) | 0.87 (0.85, 0.89) | | Ferritin (ng/mL), % | | | | <45 | 34.5 (25.1, 45.2) | 2.17 (2.13, 2.21) | | ≥45 | 18.4 (15.9, 21.3) | 1.00 | | Ferritin (ng/mL), % | | | | ≤200 | 20.4 (17.6, 23.6) | 1.00 | | >200 | 18.5 (13.5, 24.8) | 0.84 (0.83, 0.86) |
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