| | Characteristics | Crude prevalence | OR (95% CI) |
| | Age groups (years), % | | | | 60–69 | 19.5 (15.1, 24.9) | 1.00 | | 70–79 | 27.9 (22.4, 34.1) | 1.56 (1.54, 1.59) | | ≥80 | 34.2 (26.8, 42.6) | 1.81 (1.78, 1.84) | | Race, % | | | | Indigenous | 15.6 (8.7, 26.4) | 0.63 (0.61, 0.65) | | Black | 26.3 (14.1, 43.9) | 1.01 (0.97, 1.05) | | Mestizo | 26.7 (22.6, 31.3) | 1.16 (1.14, 1.19) | | Mulatto | 19.5 (9.7, 35.1) | 0.65 (0.62, 0.68) | | White | 24.9 (16.0, 36.7) | 1.00 | | Area of residency, % | | | | Urban Andes Mountains | 23.3 (17.8, 29.9) | 0.94 (0.92, 0.96) | | Urban coast | 30.4 (24.3, 37.2) | 1.42 (1.40, 1.45) | | Rural Andes Mountains | 19.3 (14.5, 25.3) | 0.86 (0.84, 0.88) | | Rural coast | 24.5 (17.4, 33.5) | 1.00 | | Literacy, % | | | | Yes | 23.6 (20.0, 27.7) | 1.00 | | No | 30.7 (23.9, 38.7) | 1.34 (1.32, 1.36) | | Smoking, % | | | | Current | 24.8 (17.5, 33.8) | 1.12 (1.10, 1.14) | | Former | 26.2 (21.5, 31.6) | 1.10 (1.08, 1.11) | | Never | 23.6 (18.8, 29.2) | 1.00 | | BMI (kg/m2), % | | | | Underweight | 35.0 (18.5, 56.1) | 1.55 (1.48, 1.63) | | Normal | 29.5 (24.4, 35.1) | 1.49 (1.45, 1.52) | | Overweight | 18.7 (14.3, 24.2) | 0.82 (0.80, 0.84) | | Obesity | 19.0 (11.8, 29.3) | 1.00 | | Self-reported health, % | | | | Excellent to good | 18.2 (13.6, 23.9) | 1.00 | | Fair to poor | 28.2 (24.1, 32.7) | 1.65 (1.62, 1.67) | | ADL’s limitations, % | | | | Yes | 36.1 (28.8, 44.2) | 1.71 (1.69, 1.74) | | No | 22.0 (18.5, 26.0) | 1.00 | | Cognitive impairment, % | | | | Yes | 34.6 (26.0, 44.5) | 1.76 (1.72, 1.79) | | No | 21.9 (18.4, 25.8) | 1.00 | | Diabetes | | | | Yes | 25.6 (17.7, 35.6) | 1.04 (1.02, 1.06) | | No | 25.2 (21.7, 29.0) | 1.00 | | Cancer, % | | | | Yes | 68.0 (42.8, 85.7) | 6.53 (6.27, 6.80) | | No | 24.2 (21.0, 27.8) | 1.00 | | COPD, % | | | | Yes | 28.6 (18.4, 41.5) | 1.07 (1.04, 1.10) | | No | 24.9 (21.5, 28.6) | 1.00 | | Heart disease, % | | | | Yes | 21.9 (14.6, 31.7) | 0.65 (0.64, 0.67) | | No | 25.7 (22.2, 29.6) | 1.00 | | Arthritis,% | | | | Yes | 29.8 (22.5, 38.3) | 1.29 (1.27, 1.31) | | No | 24.0 (20.5, 28.0) | 1.00 | | CRP (mg/L), % | | | | <5 | 21.9 (18.3, 26.0) | 1.00 | | ≥5 | 37.5 (30.6, 45.0) | 2.10 (1.24, 1.27) | | Creatinine clearance (mL/min), % | | | | >30 | 23.8 (20.5, 27.4) | 1.00 | | ≤30 | 57.3 (37.8, 74.8) | 2.98 (2.86, 3.11) | | Albumin (g/dL), % | | | | ≥3.5 | 24.4 (21.1, 28.0) | 1.00 | | <3.5 | 71.1 (39.7, 90.2) | 6.83 (6.52, 7.16) | | Vitamin B12 (ng/mL), % | | | | ≥200 | 25.7 (22.1, 29.6) | 1.00 | | <200 | 22.7 (16.3, 30.8) | 0.81 (0.80, 0.83) | | Ferritin (ng/mL),% | | | | <45 | 43.9 (32.5, 56.1) | 2.78 (2.73, 2.83) | | ≥45 | 22.6 (19.3, 26.1) | 1.00 | | Ferritin (ng/mL), % | | | | ≤200 | 26.7 (22.9, 31.0) | 1.00 | | >200 | 21.5 (15.9, 28.5) | 0.80 (0.79, 0.81) |
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