Research on WNN Modeling for Gold Price Forecasting Based on Improved Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm

Table 2

Mean and standard deviations of benchmark function values.

Test function	Dim	ABC		IF-ABC
		Mean	S.D.	Mean	S.D.
𝑓1	20	𝟑.𝟗𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟓×𝟏𝟎^−16	𝟖.𝟐𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟖×𝟏𝟎^−17	9.35983 × 10^−16	5.51436 × 10^−16
	30	3.60481 × 10^−11	5.46368 × 10^−11	𝟑.𝟑𝟔𝟐𝟒𝟑×𝟏𝟎^−15	𝟏.𝟓𝟐𝟔𝟖𝟗×𝟏𝟎^−15
	50	5.12689 × 10^−6	7.57033 × 10^−6	𝟑.𝟖𝟖𝟎𝟒𝟔×𝟏𝟎^−7	𝟏.𝟒𝟑𝟗𝟖𝟓×𝟏𝟎^−7
𝑓2	20	−8296.94	71.2099	−8374.8	23.4352
	30	−12024.2	161.724	−12543.4	60.0115
	50	−19268.7	207.685	−20528.7	215.453
𝑓3	20	1.68276 × 10^−7	7.51168 × 10^−7	𝟗.𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟕𝟒×𝟏𝟎^−12	𝟒.𝟔𝟒𝟗𝟕𝟗×𝟏𝟎^−11
	30	0.437308	0.605332	0.0454379	0.21805
	50	6.73436	2.3812	10.7746	2.77952
𝑓4	20	2.3339 × 10^−9	1.87748 × 10^−9	𝟔.𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟔𝟑×𝟏𝟎^−13	𝟐.𝟓𝟔𝟏𝟑𝟏×𝟏𝟎^−13
	30	2.22333 × 10^−5	1.33379 × 10^−5	𝟒.𝟒𝟔×𝟏𝟎^−8	𝟏.𝟕𝟗𝟎𝟏𝟓×𝟏𝟎^−8
	50	0.0239478	0.0210904	0.00041254	𝟖.𝟕𝟔𝟔𝟎𝟖×𝟏𝟎^−5
𝑓5	20	0.00279802	0.00583702	𝟐.𝟔𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟐×𝟏𝟎^−8	𝟗.𝟔𝟔𝟕𝟑𝟖×𝟏𝟎^−8
	30	0.00294599	0.00756719	𝟑.𝟑𝟐𝟏𝟗×𝟏𝟎^−9	𝟏.𝟓𝟑𝟔𝟖𝟒×𝟏𝟎^−8
	50	0.0147917	0.0209218	𝟖.𝟕𝟓𝟑𝟕𝟖×𝟏𝟎^−6	𝟑.𝟎𝟖𝟗𝟏𝟑×𝟏𝟎^−5

The bold values denote the better value (mean or S.D.) in each line.